🇨🇩 Outbreak Investigation of Ebola Virus Disease in North Kivu
  • Overview
  • Case description at Admission
  • Diagnosis, Treatment and Complications
  • Daily assessment
  • Drug Infusion
  • Adverse Events
  • Ct kinetics
  • Logistic models
  • Survival analyses
Cases
463
Deaths
150
CFR (%)
32%
Female (%)
56%
  • Cases distribution in 🇨🇩 North Kivu
  • Cases by CTE
  • 📈 Cases by Outcome and Month
  • Age and Sex Distribution - Cases
  • Symptoms by outcome
  • Symptoms at Admission
  • Symptoms anytime by outcome
  • Symptoms anytime
  • Clinical Signs by outcome
  • Clinical Signs
  • Bleeding by Outcome
  • Bleeding
  • Characteristics by outcome
  • Characteristics by outcome (binary)
  • Characteristics by Sex at Birth
  • Characteristics by CTE
Population characteristics
Characteristic Death
N = 1501
Full recovery with sequelae
N = 11
Full recovery without sequelae
N = 2571
Referred to another facility
N = 31
Unknown
N = 521
p-value2
Age at admission – – – – – 0.83
    Median (Min, Max) 30 (3, 70) 42 (42, 42) 32 (1, 71) 37 (25, 48) 29 (1, 63) –
Age Group – – – – – –
    <5 2 (1.4%) 0 (0%) 7 (2.9%) 0 (0%) 2 (4.1%) –
    5-17 18 (12%) 0 (0%) 20 (8.2%) 0 (0%) 6 (12%) –
    18-24 26 (18%) 0 (0%) 53 (22%) 0 (0%) 11 (22%) –
    25-34 44 (30%) 0 (0%) 60 (25%) 1 (50%) 10 (20%) –
    35-49 37 (25%) 1 (100%) 70 (29%) 1 (50%) 13 (27%) –
    50+ 19 (13%) 0 (0%) 33 (14%) 0 (0%) 7 (14%) –
Gender – – – – – 0.88
    Male 67 (45%) 0 (0%) 110 (43%) 2 (67%) 24 (46%) –
    Female 83 (55%) 1 (100%) 147 (57%) 1 (33%) 28 (54%) –
Patient occupation – – – – – 0.02
    Healthcare worker 9 (11%) 0 (0%) 33 (23%) 0 (0%) 3 (6.8%) –
    Non-healthcare worker 38 (46%) 1 (100%) 66 (46%) 1 (50%) 29 (66%) –
    Unknown 36 (43%) 0 (0%) 43 (30%) 1 (50%) 12 (27%) –
Is the patient pregnant? 5 (3.3%) 0 (0%) 11 (4.3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.48
Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? 4 (2.7%) 0 (0%) 3 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (1.9%) 0.53
Diabetes 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.44
HIV 2 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.70
Chronic pulmonary disease 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1.00
Bleeding 22 (15%) 0 (0%) 15 (5.8%) 0 (0%) 4 (7.7%) 0.04
Fever 88 (59%) 0 (0%) 144 (56%) 2 (67%) 26 (50%) 0.66
Diarrhoea 70 (47%) 1 (100%) 77 (30%) 0 (0%) 15 (29%) 0.00
Shock 2 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.21
Confusion 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.44
Ebola RDT – – – – – 0.76
    Oraquick 2 (1.6%) 0 (NA%) 2 (0.9%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
    Not done 126 (98%) 0 (NA%) 212 (99%) 2 (100%) 35 (100%) –
Admission Delay – – – – – 0.00
    Median (Min, Max) 5.0 (0.0, 39.0) 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) 3.0 (0.0, 32.0) 4.0 (3.0, 5.0) 4.0 (0.0, 33.0) –
Ct (lowest) – – – – – 0.00
    Median (Min, Max) 21 (13, 40) -- 29 (18, 42) 22 (16, 34) 24 (16, 33) –
Result of GeneXpert PCR – – – – – 0.80
    Positive 130 (100%) 0 (NA%) 212 (99%) 3 (100%) 41 (100%) –
    Negative 0 (0%) 0 (NA%) 2 (0.9%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
    Indeterminate 0 (0%) 0 (NA%) 1 (0.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
Platelets (x10⁹/L) – – – – – 0.67
    Median (Min, Max) 164 (30, 385) -- 142 (27, 385) 199 (181, 216) 168 (168, 168) –
Haemoglobin (g/L) – – – – – 0.54
    Median (Min, Max) 13.80 (10.60, 17.90) -- 12.90 (9.00, 17.90) 12.05 (10.10, 14.00) 11.20 (11.20, 11.20) –
Calcium (mmol/L) US – – – – – 0.00
    Median (Min, Max) 7.75 (4.00, 9.00) 4.00 (4.00, 4.00) 8.70 (4.00, 10.40) 9.45 (9.00, 9.90) 8.05 (7.80, 8.90) –
Antibacterial treatment 136 (91%) 1 (100%) 206 (80%) 1 (33%) 46 (88%) 0.01
Antimalarial treatment 119 (79%) 1 (100%) 176 (68%) 0 (0%) 41 (79%) 0.00
Ebola experimental treatment 72 (48%) 0 (0%) 105 (41%) 2 (67%) 23 (44%) 0.48
Oral/orogastric fluids 21 (14%) 1 (100%) 48 (19%) 1 (33%) 8 (15%) 0.16
Oxygen therapy 3 (2.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.09
Blood transfusion 4 (2.7%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.06
Vasopressors/inotropes 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.44
Hyperkaliemia 6 (4.0%) 0 (0%) 2 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.12
Hypokaliemia 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) 9 (3.5%) 0 (0%) 1 (1.9%) 0.25
Renal impairment 20 (13%) 1 (100%) 21 (8.2%) 0 (0%) 2 (3.8%) 0.03
Rhabdomyolysis 13 (8.7%) 0 (0%) 6 (2.3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.02
Severe hypoglycemia 4 (2.7%) 0 (0%) 2 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 1 (1.9%) 0.26
Severe thrombocytopenia 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) 2 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1.00
1 n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; NA; Fisher’s exact test
Population characteristics
Characteristic Deceased
N = 1501
Recovered
N = 2581
p-value2
Age at admission – – 0.66
    Median (Min, Max) 30 (3, 70) 32 (1, 71) –
Age Group – – 0.47
    <5 2 (1.4%) 7 (2.9%) –
    5-17 18 (12%) 20 (8.2%) –
    18-24 26 (18%) 53 (22%) –
    25-34 44 (30%) 60 (25%) –
    35-49 37 (25%) 71 (29%) –
    50+ 19 (13%) 33 (14%) –
Gender – – 0.69
    Male 67 (45%) 110 (43%) –
    Female 83 (55%) 148 (57%) –
Patient occupation – – 0.03
    Healthcare worker 9 (11%) 33 (23%) –
    Non-healthcare worker 38 (46%) 67 (47%) –
    Unknown 36 (43%) 43 (30%) –
Is the patient pregnant? 5 (3.3%) 11 (4.3%) 0.64
Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? 4 (2.7%) 3 (1.2%) 0.27
Diabetes 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) 0.37
HIV 2 (1.3%) 1 (0.4%) 0.56
Chronic pulmonary disease 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%) 1.00
Bleeding 22 (15%) 15 (5.8%) 0.00
Fever 88 (59%) 144 (56%) 0.57
Diarrhoea 70 (47%) 78 (30%) 0.00
Shock 2 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 0.13
Confusion 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) 0.37
Ebola RDT – – 0.63
    Oraquick 2 (1.6%) 2 (0.9%) –
    Not done 126 (98%) 212 (99%) –
Admission Delay – – 0.00
    Median (Min, Max) 5.0 (0.0, 39.0) 3.0 (0.0, 32.0) –
Ct (lowest) – – 0.00
    Median (Min, Max) 21 (13, 40) 29 (18, 42) –
Result of GeneXpert PCR – – 0.71
    Positive 130 (100%) 212 (99%) –
    Negative 0 (0%) 2 (0.9%) –
    Indeterminate 0 (0%) 1 (0.5%) –
Platelets (x10⁹/L) – – 0.56
    Median (Min, Max) 164 (30, 385) 142 (27, 385) –
Haemoglobin (g/L) – – 0.28
    Median (Min, Max) 13.80 (10.60, 17.90) 12.90 (9.00, 17.90) –
Calcium (mmol/L) US – – 0.00
    Median (Min, Max) 7.75 (4.00, 9.00) 8.70 (4.00, 10.40) –
Antibacterial treatment 136 (91%) 207 (80%) 0.01
Antimalarial treatment 119 (79%) 177 (69%) 0.02
Ebola experimental treatment 72 (48%) 105 (41%) 0.15
Oral/orogastric fluids 21 (14%) 49 (19%) 0.20
Oxygen therapy 3 (2.0%) 0 (0%) 0.05
Blood transfusion 4 (2.7%) 0 (0%) 0.02
Vasopressors/inotropes 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) 0.37
Hyperkaliemia 6 (4.0%) 2 (0.8%) 0.06
Hypokaliemia 1 (0.7%) 9 (3.5%) 0.10
Renal impairment 20 (13%) 22 (8.5%) 0.12
Rhabdomyolysis 13 (8.7%) 6 (2.3%) 0.00
Severe hypoglycemia 4 (2.7%) 2 (0.8%) 0.20
Severe thrombocytopenia 1 (0.7%) 2 (0.8%) 1.00
1 n (%)
2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test
Population characteristics
Characteristic Male
N = 2031
Female
N = 2601
p-value2
Age at admission – – 0.45
    Median (Min, Max) 32 (1, 71) 30 (1, 70) –
Age Group – – –
    <5 5 (2.6%) 6 (2.4%) –
    5-17 19 (10%) 25 (10.0%) –
    18-24 30 (16%) 60 (24%) –
    25-34 55 (29%) 60 (24%) –
    35-49 62 (33%) 60 (24%) –
    50+ 19 (10%) 40 (16%) –
Patient occupation – – 0.17
    Healthcare worker 22 (18%) 23 (15%) –
    Non-healthcare worker 64 (54%) 71 (46%) –
    Unknown 33 (28%) 59 (39%) –
Is the patient pregnant? 0 (0%) 16 (6.2%) 0.00
Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? 3 (1.5%) 5 (1.9%) 1.00
Diabetes 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%) 1.00
HIV 1 (0.5%) 2 (0.8%) 1.00
Chronic pulmonary disease 1 (0.5%) 0 (0%) 0.44
Bleeding 13 (6.4%) 28 (11%) 0.10
Fever 115 (57%) 145 (56%) 0.85
Diarrhoea 62 (31%) 101 (39%) 0.06
Shock 1 (0.5%) 1 (0.4%) 1.00
Confusion 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%) 1.00
Ebola RDT – – 0.63
    Oraquick 1 (0.6%) 3 (1.4%) –
    Not done 170 (99%) 205 (99%) –
Admission Delay – – 0.33
    Median (Min, Max) 4.0 (0.0, 28.0) 4.0 (0.0, 39.0) –
Ct (lowest) – – 0.62
    Median (Min, Max) 24 (13, 40) 24 (15, 42) –
Result of GeneXpert PCR – – 0.34
    Positive 173 (99%) 213 (99%) –
    Negative 0 (0%) 2 (0.9%) –
    Indeterminate 1 (0.6%) 0 (0%) –
Platelets (x10⁹/L) – – 0.84
    Median (Min, Max) 166 (142, 181) 153 (27, 385) –
Haemoglobin (g/L) – – 0.74
    Median (Min, Max) 12.45 (10.60, 14.00) 13.15 (9.00, 17.90) –
Calcium (mmol/L) US – – 0.90
    Median (Min, Max) 8.30 (4.00, 9.70) 8.25 (4.00, 10.40) –
Antibacterial treatment 173 (85%) 217 (83%) 0.61
Antimalarial treatment 160 (79%) 177 (68%) 0.01
Ebola experimental treatment 89 (44%) 113 (43%) 0.93
Oral/orogastric fluids 38 (19%) 41 (16%) 0.40
Oxygen therapy 1 (0.5%) 2 (0.8%) 1.00
Blood transfusion 2 (1.0%) 2 (0.8%) 1.00
Vasopressors/inotropes 1 (0.5%) 0 (0%) 0.44
Outcome at discharge – – 0.88
    Death 67 (33%) 83 (32%) –
    Full recovery with sequelae 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%) –
    Full recovery without sequelae 110 (54%) 147 (57%) –
    Referred to another facility 2 (1.0%) 1 (0.4%) –
    Unknown 24 (12%) 28 (11%) –
Hyperkaliemia 3 (1.5%) 5 (1.9%) 1.00
Hypokaliemia 3 (1.5%) 8 (3.1%) 0.36
Renal impairment 18 (8.9%) 26 (10%) 0.68
Rhabdomyolysis 11 (5.4%) 8 (3.1%) 0.21
Severe hypoglycemia 2 (1.0%) 5 (1.9%) 0.47
Severe thrombocytopenia 0 (0%) 3 (1.2%) 0.26
1 n (%)
2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; NA; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test
Population characteristics
Characteristic CTE001
N = 991
CTE002
N = 661
CTE003
N = 2291
CTE004
N = 671
CTE1111
N = 11
CTE222
N = 11
p-value2
Age at admission – – – – – – 0.09
    Median (Min, Max) 31 (1, 66) 29 (3, 65) 32 (1, 70) 34 (4, 71) 18 (18, 18) 32 (32, 32) –
Age Group – – – – – – –
    <5 2 (2.1%) 2 (3.1%) 6 (2.8%) 1 (1.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
    5-17 10 (11%) 7 (11%) 17 (7.9%) 10 (15%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
    18-24 26 (27%) 16 (25%) 40 (19%) 7 (11%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) –
    25-34 17 (18%) 23 (35%) 58 (27%) 16 (25%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) –
    35-49 32 (34%) 9 (14%) 55 (26%) 26 (40%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
    50+ 8 (8.4%) 8 (12%) 38 (18%) 5 (7.7%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
Gender – – – – – – 0.01
    Male 30 (30%) 31 (47%) 103 (45%) 38 (57%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) –
    Female 69 (70%) 35 (53%) 126 (55%) 29 (43%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) –
Patient occupation – – – – – – –
    Healthcare worker 10 (32%) 14 (45%) 18 (12%) 2 (3.4%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) –
    Non-healthcare worker 6 (19%) 7 (23%) 99 (66%) 22 (38%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) –
    Unknown 15 (48%) 10 (32%) 33 (22%) 34 (59%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
Is the patient pregnant? 10 (10%) 1 (1.5%) 5 (2.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.01
Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? 0 (0%) 2 (3.0%) 5 (2.2%) 1 (1.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.42
Diabetes 0 (0%) 1 (1.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.15
HIV 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.84
Chronic pulmonary disease 0 (0%) 1 (1.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.15
Bleeding 10 (10%) 7 (11%) 19 (8.3%) 5 (7.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.89
Fever 68 (69%) 47 (71%) 115 (50%) 28 (42%) 1 (100%) 1 (100%) 0.00
Diarrhoea 42 (42%) 36 (55%) 69 (30%) 15 (22%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0.00
Shock 2 (2.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.14
Confusion 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1.00
Ebola RDT – – – – – – 0.00
    Oraquick 3 (4.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) –
    Not done 69 (96%) 54 (100%) 209 (100%) 42 (100%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) –
Admission Delay – – – – – – 0.99
    Median (Min, Max) 4.0 (0.0, 39.0) 4.0 (0.0, 21.0) 4.0 (0.0, 34.0) 4.0 (0.0, 28.0) 5.0 (5.0, 5.0) -- –
Ct (lowest) – – – – – – 0.44
    Median (Min, Max) 23 (13, 42) 25 (17, 33) 24 (16, 40) 24 (16, 40) 19 (19, 19) -- –
Result of GeneXpert PCR – – – – – – 0.56
    Positive 69 (99%) 58 (100%) 212 (99%) 45 (100%) 1 (100%) 1 (100%) –
    Negative 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (0.9%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
    Indeterminate 1 (1.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
Platelets (x10⁹/L) – – – – – – 0.12
    Median (Min, Max) 159 (27, 385) -- -- -- 385 (385, 385) -- –
Haemoglobin (g/L) – – – – – – 0.93
    Median (Min, Max) 13.10 (9.00, 17.90) -- -- -- 13.20 (13.20, 13.20) -- –
Calcium (mmol/L) US – – – – – – 0.63
    Median (Min, Max) 8.20 (4.00, 10.40) 8.70 (4.00, 9.70) 7.80 (7.10, 9.80) 6.45 (4.00, 8.90) 8.30 (8.30, 8.30) -- –
Antibacterial treatment 53 (54%) 60 (91%) 221 (97%) 55 (82%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0.00
Antimalarial treatment 10 (10%) 57 (86%) 218 (95%) 51 (76%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0.00
Ebola experimental treatment 29 (29%) 48 (73%) 95 (41%) 28 (42%) 1 (100%) 1 (100%) 0.00
Oral/orogastric fluids 8 (8.1%) 12 (18%) 48 (21%) 11 (16%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.07
Oxygen therapy 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (0.9%) 1 (1.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.72
Blood transfusion 3 (3.0%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.14
Vasopressors/inotropes 1 (1.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.51
Outcome at discharge – – – – – – –
    Death 28 (28%) 25 (38%) 81 (35%) 16 (24%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
    Full recovery with sequelae 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (1.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
    Full recovery without sequelae 64 (65%) 41 (62%) 127 (55%) 23 (34%) 1 (100%) 1 (100%) –
    Referred to another facility 2 (2.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (1.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
    Unknown 5 (5.1%) 0 (0%) 21 (9.2%) 26 (39%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) –
Hyperkaliemia 4 (4.0%) 1 (1.5%) 3 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.26
Hypokaliemia 7 (7.1%) 3 (4.5%) 0 (0%) 1 (1.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.00
Renal impairment 24 (24%) 7 (11%) 9 (3.9%) 3 (4.5%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0.00
Rhabdomyolysis 9 (9.1%) 4 (6.1%) 5 (2.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0.00
Severe hypoglycemia 3 (3.0%) 1 (1.5%) 3 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.49
Severe thrombocytopenia 3 (3.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0.05
1 n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; NA; Fisher’s exact test
  • Table of Symptoms at Admission
  • Table of Symptoms at Admission by outcome
Symptoms Prevalence at Admission
Variable Number of Cases Prevalence Frequency1
Fatigue/Weakness/Malaise 70.4% 326 / 463
Anorexia 57.5% 266 / 463
Fever 56.2% 260 / 463
Headache 49.5% 229 / 463
Myalgia/Body Pain 49.0% 227 / 463
Nausea/Vomiting 48.4% 224 / 463
Diarrhoea 35.2% 163 / 463
Abdominal pain 34.3% 159 / 463
Chest Pain 17.9% 83 / 463
Sore throat/Swallowing 16.2% 75 / 463
Difficulty breathing 5.8% 27 / 463
Hiccups 5.8% 27 / 463
Irriability/Confusion 1.3% 6 / 463
1 Among all cases, assuming missing = Absence.
Symptoms by outcome
Characteristic Death
N = 1501
Recovered
N = 2581
p-value2
Fever 88 (59%) 144 (56%) 0.57
Anorexia 94 (63%) 147 (57%) 0.26
Headache 78 (52%) 124 (48%) 0.44
Chest Pain 32 (21%) 47 (18%) 0.44
Hiccups 10 (6.7%) 17 (6.6%) 0.98
Difficulty breathing 14 (9.3%) 11 (4.3%) 0.04
Abdominal pain 61 (41%) 84 (33%) 0.10
Diarrhoea 70 (47%) 78 (30%) 0.00
Irriability/Confusion 3 (2.0%) 2 (0.8%) 0.36
Fatigue/Weakness/Malaise 120 (80%) 169 (66%) 0.00
Myalgia/Body Pain 85 (57%) 117 (45%) 0.03
Sore throat/Swallowing 38 (25%) 33 (13%) 0.00
Nausea/Vomiting 89 (59%) 117 (45%) 0.01
1 n (%)
2 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test
  • Cases and CFR (%) by month
  • Cases and CFR (%) by Ct value
  • Cases and CFR from admission
  • Treatments at Admission
  • Experimental Treatments at Admission
  • Table of Treatments at Admission by outcome
  • 🔬 Severe Laboratory Abnormalities
  • 🔬 Lab Results by outcome
  • Complications
Treatments by outcome
Characteristic Death
N = 1501
Recovered
N = 2581
p-value2
Antibacterial treatment 136 (91%) 207 (80%) 0.01
Antimalarial treatment 119 (79%) 177 (69%) 0.02
Other type of treatment 134 (89%) 202 (78%) 0.00
Ebola experimental treatment 72 (48%) 105 (41%) 0.15
Oral/orogastric fluids 21 (14%) 49 (19%) 0.20
Oxygen therapy 3 (2.0%) 0 (0%) 0.05
Blood transfusion 4 (2.7%) 0 (0%) 0.02
Vasopressors/inotropes 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) 0.37
Remdesivir (GS-5734) 26 (17%) 22 (8.5%) 0.01
Zmapp 5 (3.3%) 1 (0.4%) 0.03
mAb114 18 (12%) 53 (21%) 0.03
REGN3470-3471-3479 22 (15%) 27 (10%) 0.21
1 n (%)
2 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test
Laboratory results by outcome
Characteristic Overall
N = 4081
Death
N = 1501
Recovered
N = 2581
p-value2
Hyperkaliemia 8 (2.0%) 6 (4.0%) 2 (0.8%) 0.06
Hypokaliemia 10 (2.5%) 1 (0.7%) 9 (3.5%) 0.10
Renal impairment 42 (10%) 20 (13%) 22 (8.5%) 0.12
Rhabdomyolysis 19 (4.7%) 13 (8.7%) 6 (2.3%) 0.00
Severe hypoglycemia 6 (1.5%) 4 (2.7%) 2 (0.8%) 0.20
Severe thrombocytopenia 3 (0.7%) 1 (0.7%) 2 (0.8%) 1.00
Haemoglobin (g/L) – – – 0.28
    Median (Min, Max) 13.20 (9.00, 17.90) 13.80 (10.60, 17.90) 12.90 (9.00, 17.90) –
WBC count (x10⁹/L) – – – 0.33
    Median (Min, Max) 9 (2, 81) 10 (3, 81) 8 (2, 52) –
Platelets (x10⁹/L) – – – 0.56
    Median (Min, Max) 148 (27, 385) 164 (30, 385) 142 (27, 385) –
ALT/SGPT (U/L) US – – – 0.00
    Median (Min, Max) 186 (12, 2,000) 397 (22, 2,000) 136 (12, 1,100) –
AST/SGO (U/L) US – – – 0.02
    Median (Min, Max) 367 (11, 2,000) 726 (40, 2,000) 136 (11, 2,000) –
Bilirubin (mg/dL) – – – 0.00
    Median (Min, Max) 0.60 (0.10, 10.00) 0.75 (0.40, 10.00) 0.50 (0.10, 2.30) –
Creatinine (mg/dL) – – – 0.02
    Median (Min, Max) 1.20 (0.20, 12.00) 1.90 (0.50, 11.10) 1.05 (0.20, 12.00) –
Potassium (mmol/L) US – – – 0.03
    Median (Min, Max) 4.05 (1.50, 58.00) 4.30 (2.70, 58.00) 3.80 (1.50, 6.80) –
Urea (mg/dL) – – – 0.01
    Median (Min, Max) 16 (3, 151) 27 (5, 151) 10 (3, 142) –
Creatinine kinase (U/L) US – – – 0.00
    Median (Min, Max) 592 (8, 5,000) 1,056 (79, 5,000) 335 (8, 5,000) –
Calcium (mmol/L) US – – – 0.00
    Median (Min, Max) 8.30 (4.00, 10.40) 7.75 (4.00, 9.00) 8.70 (4.00, 10.40) –
Sodium (mmol/L) US – – – 0.68
    Median (Min, Max) 132 (123, 180) 132 (123, 180) 132 (123, 152) –
Glucose (mg/dL) – – – 0.86
    Median (Min, Max) 93 (42, 406) 93 (50, 406) 93 (42, 308) –
1 n (%)
2 Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Wilcoxon rank sum test
Complications by outcome
Characteristic Death
N = 1501
Recovered
N = 2581
p-value2
Bleeding 22 (15%) 15 (5.8%) 0.00
Shock 2 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 0.13
Confusion 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%) 0.37
Coma (P/U in AVPU scoring) 2 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 0.13
1 n (%)
2 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test
Experimental Treatments (admission)
Intravenous Fluid
Final Outcome
  • PCR Negativation among Recovered
  • PCR Negativation Summary
Time from Onset to Negativation by Treatment
Treatment N Mean Median IQR Min Max
None 11 12.8 11.0 9.0 4.0 23.0
REGN3470-3471-3479 45 11.6 10.0 10.0 2.0 35.0
Remdesivir (GS-5734) 15 11.1 9.0 9.0 4.0 26.0
mAb114 26 12.4 11.5 9.8 4.0 35.0
Zmapp 2 5.5 5.5 0.5 5.0 6.0
  • Symptom Prevalence from onset (N≥10)
  • Cases up to 2 weeks delay
  • Percentage up to 2 weeks delay
  • Admission Delay by Outcome
-   Deceased patients (n=147) had a median admission delay of 5 days (IQR 4.5, range 0-39)
-   Recovered patients (n=253) had a median admission delay of 3 days (IQR 4, range 0-32)
  • Symptoms Prevalence by Time of Day
  • Diurnal Symptom Overview
Symptoms by daily period
Characteristic Mornings
N = 1,1851
Middays
N = 1,1851
Evenings
N = 1,1851
p-value2
Seizure 4 (0.3%) 5 (0.4%) 2 (0.2%) 0.65
Signs of shock 4 (0.3%) 5 (0.4%) 5 (0.4%) 1.00
Agitation 10 (0.8%) 8 (0.7%) 8 (0.7%) 0.86
Anuria 10 (0.8%) 12 (1.0%) 10 (0.8%) 0.88
Difficulty breathing 17 (1.4%) 8 (0.7%) 14 (1.2%) 0.20
Desorientation 23 (1.9%) 15 (1.3%) 11 (0.9%) 0.10
Dysphagia 27 (2.3%) 21 (1.8%) 23 (1.9%) 0.67
Signs of dehydration 57 (4.8%) 40 (3.4%) 42 (3.5%) 0.14
Headache 76 (6.4%) 48 (4.1%) 52 (4.4%) 0.02
Myalgia 79 (6.7%) 41 (3.5%) 49 (4.1%) 0.00
Unusual bleeding/bruising 102 (8.6%) 67 (5.7%) 78 (6.6%) 0.02
Anorexia 143 (12%) 97 (8.2%) 108 (9.1%) 0.00
Nausea/Vomiting 170 (14%) 102 (8.6%) 125 (11%) 0.00
Diarrhoea 259 (22%) 192 (16%) 220 (19%) 0.00
Fatigue/Weakness 302 (25%) 220 (19%) 255 (22%) 0.00
1 n (%)
2 Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test
  • Symptom Severity Prevalence First Visit
  • Symptom Severity Prevalence Last Visit
  • Symptom Severity Summary First Visit
  • Symptom Severity Summary Last Visit
Symptom Pre-infusion
N = 2641
Post-infusion
N = 2601
p-value2
Dizziness

>0.9
    Mild 5 (1.9%) 4 (1.6%)
    Not present 253 (98%) 249 (98%)
Dyspepsia

0.6
    Mild 3 (1.2%) 4 (1.6%)
    Moderate 5 (1.9%) 2 (0.8%)
    Not present 250 (97%) 245 (98%)
Tremor

0.2
    Mild 6 (2.3%) 2 (0.8%)
    Moderate 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
    Not present 252 (98%) 248 (98%)
    Severe 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
Pruritis

0.8
    Mild 3 (1.2%) 2 (0.8%)
    Not present 251 (99%) 233 (99%)
    Severe 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
Eruption

>0.9
    Mild 3 (1.2%) 2 (0.8%)
    Moderate 1 (0.4%) 0 (0%)
    Not present 250 (98%) 234 (99%)
Bleeding

>0.9
    Mild 12 (4.7%) 12 (5.1%)
    Moderate 3 (1.2%) 3 (1.3%)
    Not present 237 (94%) 218 (93%)
    Severe 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%)
Anorexia

0.8
    Life-threatening 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
    Mild 24 (9.6%) 21 (9.1%)
    Moderate 5 (2.0%) 3 (1.3%)
    Not present 220 (88%) 207 (89%)
Diarrhoea

0.8
    Life-threatening 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
    Mild 26 (10%) 21 (9.1%)
    Moderate 14 (5.6%) 10 (4.3%)
    Not present 208 (83%) 196 (85%)
    Severe 4 (1.6%) 2 (0.9%)
Nausea

0.9
    Mild 34 (13%) 30 (13%)
    Moderate 5 (2.0%) 3 (1.3%)
    Not present 211 (84%) 202 (86%)
    Severe 2 (0.8%) 1 (0.4%)
Vomiting

0.2
    Mild 24 (9.6%) 20 (8.5%)
    Moderate 9 (3.6%) 2 (0.9%)
    Not present 213 (86%) 211 (90%)
    Severe 3 (1.2%) 2 (0.9%)
Constipation


    Not present 246 (100%) 231 (100%)
Headache

0.057
    Mild 12 (4.9%) 4 (1.7%)
    Moderate 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
    Not present 232 (95%) 225 (98%)
Hypertension

0.7
    Mild 3 (1.2%) 4 (1.7%)
    Moderate 1 (0.4%) 2 (0.9%)
    Not present 240 (98%) 224 (97%)
Hypotension

0.3
    Mild 16 (6.5%) 11 (4.8%)
    Moderate 4 (1.6%) 1 (0.4%)
    Not present 227 (92%) 218 (94%)
    Severe 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
Tachycradia

0.7
    Mild 34 (14%) 26 (11%)
    Moderate 19 (7.6%) 15 (6.3%)
    Not present 196 (78%) 197 (82%)
    Severe 2 (0.8%) 1 (0.4%)
Heart attack


    Not present 244 (100%) 231 (100%)
Angioedema


    Not present 244 (100%) 230 (100%)
Bronchospasm

0.5
    Mild 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
    Not present 241 (100%) 227 (100%)
Fever

0.3
    Mild 50 (20%) 34 (14%)
    Moderate 26 (10%) 19 (8.1%)
    Not present 170 (67%) 177 (75%)
    Severe 7 (2.8%) 6 (2.5%)
Shortness of breath

0.6
    Mild 4 (1.6%) 5 (2.2%)
    Moderate 1 (0.4%) 3 (1.3%)
    Not present 238 (98%) 222 (97%)
1 n (%)
2 Fisher’s exact test; NA
Symptom Pre-infusion
N = 2641
Post-infusion
N = 2601
p-value2
Dizziness

0.5
    Mild 3 (1.2%) 5 (2.0%)
    Not present 256 (99%) 247 (98%)
Dyspepsia

0.8
    Mild 3 (1.2%) 2 (0.8%)
    Moderate 3 (1.2%) 1 (0.4%)
    Not present 253 (98%) 247 (99%)
Tremor

0.090
    Mild 4 (1.5%) 0 (0%)
    Moderate 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
    Not present 255 (98%) 249 (100%)
Pruritis

0.9
    Mild 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%)
    Moderate 1 (0.4%) 0 (0%)
    Not present 253 (99%) 235 (99%)
    Severe 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
Eruption

>0.9
    Mild 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%)
    Moderate 1 (0.4%) 0 (0%)
    Not present 252 (99%) 235 (100%)
Bleeding

>0.9
    Mild 10 (3.9%) 9 (3.8%)
    Moderate 2 (0.8%) 2 (0.8%)
    Not present 241 (95%) 224 (95%)
    Severe 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%)
Anorexia

0.7
    Life-threatening 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
    Mild 23 (9.2%) 18 (7.7%)
    Moderate 5 (2.0%) 3 (1.3%)
    Not present 222 (89%) 213 (91%)
Diarrhoea

0.7
    Life-threatening 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
    Mild 24 (9.5%) 17 (7.3%)
    Moderate 13 (5.1%) 10 (4.3%)
    Not present 211 (83%) 201 (87%)
    Severe 5 (2.0%) 3 (1.3%)
Nausea

0.7
    Mild 22 (8.7%) 24 (10%)
    Moderate 8 (3.2%) 4 (1.7%)
    Not present 221 (87%) 208 (88%)
    Severe 2 (0.8%) 1 (0.4%)
Vomiting

0.4
    Mild 19 (7.6%) 13 (5.5%)
    Moderate 8 (3.2%) 3 (1.3%)
    Not present 221 (88%) 218 (92%)
    Severe 3 (1.2%) 2 (0.8%)
Constipation

>0.9
    Mild 1 (0.4%) 0 (0%)
    Not present 248 (100%) 232 (100%)
Headache

0.025
    Mild 12 (4.9%) 3 (1.3%)
    Moderate 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
    Not present 235 (95%) 228 (98%)
Hypertension

0.9
    Mild 4 (1.6%) 5 (2.2%)
    Moderate 1 (0.4%) 1 (0.4%)
    Not present 243 (98%) 226 (97%)
Hypotension

0.6
    Mild 16 (6.4%) 10 (4.3%)
    Moderate 2 (0.8%) 2 (0.9%)
    Not present 231 (93%) 222 (95%)
Tachycradia

0.6
    Mild 36 (14%) 25 (10%)
    Moderate 18 (7.1%) 17 (7.0%)
    Not present 195 (77%) 198 (81%)
    Severe 4 (1.6%) 4 (1.6%)
Heart attack

0.5
    Moderate 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
    Not present 245 (100%) 231 (100%)
Angioedema


    Not present 247 (100%) 232 (100%)
Bronchospasm

0.5
    Mild 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
    Not present 245 (100%) 229 (100%)
Fever

0.4
    Mild 41 (16%) 27 (11%)
    Moderate 25 (9.8%) 25 (11%)
    Not present 180 (71%) 179 (76%)
    Severe 8 (3.1%) 5 (2.1%)
Shortness of breath

0.5
    Mild 5 (2.0%) 3 (1.3%)
    Moderate 1 (0.4%) 3 (1.3%)
    Not present 242 (98%) 226 (97%)
1 n (%)
2 Fisher’s exact test; NA
  • AE Reported Overall
  • AE Reported mAb114
  • AE Reported REGN3470-3471-3479
  • AE Reported Remdesivir (GS-5734)
  • Serious AE Reported Overall
  • Serious AE Reported mAb114
  • Serious AE Reported REGN3470-3471-3479
  • Serious AE Reported Remdesivir (GS-5734)
  • AE Attributed Overall
  • AE Attributed mAb114
  • AE Attributed REGN3470-3471-3479
  • AE Attributed Remdesivir (GS-5734)
  • Serious AE Attributed Overall
  • Serious AE Attributed mAb114
  • Serious AE Attributed REGN3470-3471-3479
  • Serious AE Attributed Remdesivir (GS-5734)
  • Kinetics of Ct By Outcome
  • Kinetics of Ct values among Deaths
  • Kinetics of Ct values among Deaths by Treatment Type
  • Ct at admission by Outcome
  • Kinetics of Ct values among Recovered
  • Kinetics of Ct values among Recovered by Treatment Type
  • Causal DAG of Ebola pathophysiology and outcomes
  • Approach
  • EVD Outcome Univariate Model
  • Renal Impairment Univariate Model
  • Bleeding Univariate Model
Univariate Regression: EVD Outcome
Characteristic N n_obs Event N log(OR) 95% CI p-value q-value1
Age Group 354
134



    <5 years
9
— —

    5–17 years
32
1.1 -0.46, 3.1 0.20 0.37
    18–24 years
72
0.56 -0.95, 2.5 0.51 0.62
    25–34 years
94
0.95 -0.53, 2.9 0.25 0.44
    35–49 years
102
0.65 -0.83, 2.6 0.43 0.56
    50+ years
45
0.75 -0.80, 2.7 0.38 0.53
Gender 354
134



    Male
151
— —

    Female
203
-0.09 -0.52, 0.34 0.68 0.72
CT at Admission 354 354 134 -0.28 -0.35, -0.22 <0.001 <0.001
Admission Delay 354 354 134 0.09 0.04, 0.14 <0.001 0.005
Pregnancy 354
134



    No
338
— —

    Yes
16
-0.31 -1.5, 0.73 0.58 0.66
Any Comorbid Conditions 354
134



    No
348
— —

    Yes
6
1.2 -0.44, 3.2 0.17 0.32
Oral / Orogastric Fluids 354
134



    No
292
— —

    Yes
62
-0.30 -0.90, 0.27 0.32 0.47
Experimental Treatment (any) 354
134



    No
209
— —

    Yes
145
0.40 -0.03, 0.84 0.071 0.17
Hyperkaliemia 354
134



    No
347
— —

    Yes
7
2.3 0.55, 5.3 0.032 0.10
Hypokaliemia 354
134



    No
344
— —

    Yes
10
-1.7 -4.7, -0.05 0.10 0.22
Renal Impairment 354
134



    No
314
— —

    Yes
40
0.33 -0.34, 1.0 0.32 0.47
Rhabdomyolysis 354
134



    No
335
— —

    Yes
19
1.3 0.39, 2.4 0.008 0.039
Severe Hypoglycemia 354
134



    No
348
— —

    Yes
6
1.2 -0.44, 3.2 0.17 0.32
Severe Thrombocytopenia 354
134



    No
351
— —

    Yes
3
-0.20 -3.3, 2.2 0.87 0.89
Bleeding 354
134



    No
318
— —

    Yes
36
0.93 0.24, 1.6 0.009 0.040
Abdominal pain anytime 354
134



    No
223
— —

    Yes
131
0.23 -0.22, 0.67 0.32 0.47
Agitation anytime 354
134



    No
343
— —

    Yes
11
1.1 -0.13, 2.4 0.087 0.20
Anorexia anytime 354
134



    No
96
— —

    Yes
258
0.53 0.03, 1.0 0.041 0.12
Anuria anytime 354
134



    No
342
— —

    Yes
12
1.7 0.42, 3.2 0.015 0.057
Chest Pain anytime 354
134



    No
277
— —

    Yes
77
0.20 -0.32, 0.71 0.45 0.56
Desorientation anytime 354
134



    No
335
— —

    Yes
19
0.86 -0.07, 1.8 0.071 0.17
Diarrhoea anytime 354
134



    No
134
— —

    Yes
220
0.90 0.43, 1.4 <0.001 0.002
Difficulty breathing anytime 354
134



    No
311
— —

    Yes
43
1.3 0.63, 2.0 <0.001 0.002
Dysphagia anytime 354
134



    No
319
— —

    Yes
35
0.36 -0.35, 1.1 0.31 0.47
Fatigue/Weakness anytime 354
134



    No
52
— —

    Yes
302
1.4 0.63, 2.2 <0.001 0.005
Fever anytime 354
134



    No
154
— —

    Yes
200
0.11 -0.32, 0.55 0.61 0.68
Headache anytime 354
134



    No
139
— —

    Yes
215
-0.17 -0.61, 0.27 0.45 0.56
Hiccups anytime 354
134



    No
328
— —

    Yes
26
0.03 -0.83, 0.84 0.95 0.95
Irriability/Confusion anytime 354
134



    No
349
— —

    Yes
5
0.91 -0.90, 3.0 0.32 0.47
Myalgia anytime 354
134



    No
271
— —

    Yes
83
0.11 -0.40, 0.61 0.68 0.72
Myalgia / Body Pain anytime 354
134



    No
165
— —

    Yes
189
0.41 -0.02, 0.85 0.064 0.17
Nausea/Vomiting anytime 354
134



    No
106
— —

    Yes
248
0.54 0.06, 1.0 0.030 0.10
Signs of dehydration anytime 354
134



    No
314
— —

    Yes
40
0.22 -0.46, 0.88 0.52 0.62
Sore throat / Swallowing anytime 354
134



    No
285
— —

    Yes
69
0.73 0.20, 1.3 0.007 0.038
Unusual Bleeding/Bruising anytime 354
134



    No
268
— —

    Yes
86
1.1 0.62, 1.6 <0.001 <0.001
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
1 False discovery rate correction for multiple testing
Univariate Regression: Renal Impairment
Characteristic N n_obs Event N log(OR) 95% CI p-value q-value1
Gender 354
40



    Male
151
— —

    Female
203
-0.11 -0.77, 0.56 0.75 0.86
CT at Admission 354 354 40 -0.08 -0.14, -0.02 0.009 0.049
Admission Delay 354 354 40 0.02 -0.04, 0.08 0.43 0.57
Pregnancy 354
40



    No
338
— —

    Yes
16
0.63 -0.88, 1.8 0.34 0.51
Oral / Orogastric Fluids 354
40



    No
292
— —

    Yes
62
0.52 -0.30, 1.3 0.19 0.34
Experimental Treatment (any) 354
40



    No
209
— —

    Yes
145
0.99 0.32, 1.7 0.004 0.034
Hyperkaliemia 354
40



    No
347
— —

    Yes
7
3.1 1.5, 5.1 <0.001 0.005
Hypokaliemia 354
40



    No
344
— —

    Yes
10
1.7 0.34, 3.0 0.009 0.049
Rhabdomyolysis 354
40



    No
335
— —

    Yes
19
3.5 2.5, 4.7 <0.001 <0.001
Severe Hypoglycemia 354
40



    No
348
— —

    Yes
6
2.9 1.2, 4.9 0.001 0.013
Severe Thrombocytopenia 354
40



    No
351
— —

    Yes
3
1.4 -1.7, 3.8 0.26 0.44
Bleeding 354
40



    No
318
— —

    Yes
36
-0.02 -1.3, 0.97 0.97 0.98
Abdominal pain anytime 354
40



    No
223
— —

    Yes
131
0.72 0.05, 1.4 0.034 0.11
Agitation anytime 354
40



    No
343
— —

    Yes
11
1.1 -0.42, 2.4 0.11 0.24
Anorexia anytime 354
40



    No
96
— —

    Yes
258
0.82 -0.01, 1.8 0.074 0.20
Anuria anytime 354
40



    No
342
— —

    Yes
12
1.0 -0.53, 2.3 0.14 0.30
Chest Pain anytime 354
40



    No
277
— —

    Yes
77
0.63 -0.11, 1.3 0.084 0.21
Desorientation anytime 354
40



    No
335
— —

    Yes
19
-0.08 -1.9, 1.2 0.91 0.97
Diarrhoea anytime 354
40



    No
134
— —

    Yes
220
0.99 0.23, 1.9 0.017 0.076
Difficulty breathing anytime 354
40



    No
311
— —

    Yes
43
0.49 -0.47, 1.3 0.28 0.44
Dysphagia anytime 354
40



    No
319
— —

    Yes
35
0.01 -1.2, 1.0 0.98 0.98
Fatigue/Weakness anytime 354
40



    No
52
— —

    Yes
302
0.82 -0.24, 2.3 0.18 0.34
Fever anytime 354
40



    No
154
— —

    Yes
200
0.28 -0.39, 0.98 0.42 0.57
Headache anytime 354
40



    No
139
— —

    Yes
215
-0.15 -0.81, 0.53 0.66 0.78
Hiccups anytime 354
40



    No
328
— —

    Yes
26
0.69 -0.45, 1.7 0.19 0.34
Irriability/Confusion anytime 354
40



    No
349
— —

    Yes
5
0.69 -2.3, 2.6 0.54 0.67
Myalgia anytime 354
40



    No
271
— —

    Yes
83
-0.06 -0.90, 0.69 0.88 0.97
Myalgia / Body Pain anytime 354
40



    No
165
— —

    Yes
189
0.80 0.11, 1.5 0.028 0.11
Nausea/Vomiting anytime 354
40



    No
106
— —

    Yes
248
0.97 0.14, 2.0 0.034 0.11
Signs of dehydration anytime 354
40



    No
314
— —

    Yes
40
0.79 -0.12, 1.6 0.071 0.20
Sore throat / Swallowing anytime 354
40



    No
285
— —

    Yes
69
0.37 -0.45, 1.1 0.35 0.51
Unusual Bleeding/Bruising anytime 354
40



    No
268
— —

    Yes
86
-0.28 -1.2, 0.49 0.50 0.64
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
1 False discovery rate correction for multiple testing
Univariate Regression: Renal Impairment
Characteristic N n_obs Event N log(OR) 95% CI p-value q-value1
Age Group 354
36



    <5 years
9
— —

    5–17 years
32
0.39 -1.6, 3.4 0.74 0.96
    18–24 years
72
0.13 -1.7, 3.1 0.91 0.97
    25–34 years
94
0.06 -1.8, 3.0 0.96 0.97
    35–49 years
102
-0.38 -2.3, 2.6 0.73 0.96
    50+ years
45
-0.99 -3.5, 2.1 0.44 0.86
Gender 354
36



    Male
151
— —

    Female
203
0.58 -0.14, 1.4 0.13 0.56
CT at Admission 354 354 36 -0.07 -0.13, -0.01 0.027 0.44
Admission Delay 354 354 36 0.03 -0.04, 0.08 0.35 0.82
Pregnancy 354
36



    No
338
— —

    Yes
16
0.24 -1.6, 1.6 0.75 0.96
Oral / Orogastric Fluids 354
36



    No
292
— —

    Yes
62
0.33 -0.56, 1.1 0.43 0.86
Experimental Treatment (any) 354
36



    No
209
— —

    Yes
145
0.66 -0.03, 1.4 0.064 0.53
Hyperkaliemia 354
36



    No
347
— —

    Yes
7
1.3 -0.67, 2.9 0.13 0.56
Hypokaliemia 354
36



    No
344
— —

    Yes
10
0.82 -1.1, 2.3 0.31 0.82
Renal Impairment 354
36



    No
314
— —

    Yes
40
-0.02 -1.3, 0.97 0.97 0.97
Severe Hypoglycemia 354
36



    No
348
— —

    Yes
6
0.58 -2.4, 2.4 0.60 0.96
Abdominal pain anytime 354
36



    No
223
— —

    Yes
131
0.22 -0.50, 0.91 0.54 0.94
Agitation anytime 354
36



    No
343
— —

    Yes
11
0.70 -1.2, 2.1 0.38 0.84
Anorexia anytime 354
36



    No
96
— —

    Yes
258
0.68 -0.16, 1.7 0.14 0.56
Anuria anytime 354
36



    No
342
— —

    Yes
12
-0.23 -3.1, 1.5 0.83 0.97
Chest Pain anytime 354
36



    No
277
— —

    Yes
77
0.52 -0.28, 1.3 0.18 0.60
Desorientation anytime 354
36



    No
335
— —

    Yes
19
0.04 -1.8, 1.3 0.96 0.97
Diarrhoea anytime 354
36



    No
134
— —

    Yes
220
0.66 -0.09, 1.5 0.10 0.56
Difficulty breathing anytime 354
36



    No
311
— —

    Yes
43
0.84 -0.08, 1.7 0.057 0.53
Dysphagia anytime 354
36



    No
319
— —

    Yes
35
0.15 -1.1, 1.2 0.80 0.97
Fatigue/Weakness anytime 354
36



    No
52
— —

    Yes
302
-0.17 -1.0, 0.85 0.72 0.96
Fever anytime 354
36



    No
154
— —

    Yes
200
0.34 -0.36, 1.1 0.35 0.82
Headache anytime 354
36



    No
139
— —

    Yes
215
-0.24 -0.93, 0.47 0.50 0.92
Hiccups anytime 354
36



    No
328
— —

    Yes
26
-0.33 -2.2, 0.95 0.67 0.96
Myalgia anytime 354
36



    No
271
— —

    Yes
83
-0.08 -0.97, 0.71 0.85 0.97
Myalgia / Body Pain anytime 354
36



    No
165
— —

    Yes
189
0.35 -0.34, 1.1 0.33 0.82
Nausea/Vomiting anytime 354
36



    No
106
— —

    Yes
248
0.63 -0.18, 1.6 0.15 0.56
Signs of dehydration anytime 354
36



    No
314
— —

    Yes
40
1.3 0.45, 2.1 0.002 0.060
Sore throat / Swallowing anytime 354
36



    No
285
— —

    Yes
69
0.19 -0.71, 0.98 0.66 0.96
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio
1 False discovery rate correction for multiple testing
  • EVD Outcome Multivariate Model
Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: EVD Outcome
Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors
Characteristic N Event N OR 95% CI p-value Significance1 Direction Unadjusted RR2 Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3
CT at admission 354 134 0.73 0.67, 0.78 <0.001 *** ⬇
0.86 (0.84-0.89)
Delay from Onset to Admission 354 134 1.14 1.05, 1.23 0.001 ** ⬆
1.02 (1-1.04)
Hyperkaliemia 354 134 17.7 0.75, 1,120 0.17 ⬆ 2.32 1.27 (0.82-1.97)
Rhabdomyolysis 354 134 1.88 0.56, 6.77 0.31 ⬆ 1.89 1.16 (0.8-1.67)
Anuria anytime 354 134 2.64 0.53, 16.1 0.26 ⬆ 2.05 1.36 (0.8-2.32)
Difficulty breathing anytime 354 134 4.31 1.74, 11.4 0.002 ** ⬆ 1.91 1.58 (1.2-2.08)
Signs of dehydration anytime 354 134 0.29 0.11, 0.71 0.008 ** ⬇ 1.14 0.65 (0.47-0.91)
Unusual bleeding bruising anytime 354 134 2.36 1.19, 4.74 0.014 * ⬆ 1.85 1.32 (1.07-1.64)
Anorexia 354 134 0.62 0.28, 1.33 0.22 ⬇ 1.41 0.88 (0.65-1.19)
Diarrhoea 354 134 1.14 0.54, 2.38 0.74 ⬆ 1.79 1.14 (0.85-1.52)
Fatigue/weakness anytime 354 134 2.48 0.83, 7.95 0.11 ⬆ 2.71 1.51 (0.89-2.58)
Nausea/vomiting anytime 354 134 0.52 0.24, 1.13 0.10 . ⬇ 1.42 0.85 (0.6-1.19)
Sore throat/swallowing anytime 354 134 1.46 0.70, 3.05 0.32 ⬆ 1.52 1.06 (0.82-1.37)
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA
1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds.
2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No).
3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk.
  • Renal Impairment Multivariate Model
  • Bleeding Multivariate Model
Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: Renal Impairment
Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors
Characteristic N Event N OR 95% CI p-value Significance1 Direction Unadjusted RR2 Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3
CT at admission 354 40 0.97 0.89, 1.05 0.45 ⬇
0.97 (0.92-1.03)
Experimental treatment 354 40 2.40 1.01, 5.91 0.051 . ⬆ 2.40 1.96 (1.03-3.73)
Hyperkaliemia 354 40 31.9 3.17, 355 0.003 ** ⬆ 7.08 1.83 (0.57-5.96)
Hypokaliemia 354 40 16.3 2.95, 84.4 <0.001 *** ⬆ 3.82 6.49 (2.19-19.19)
Rhabdomyolysis 354 40 38.8 11.5, 151 <0.001 *** ⬆ 9.49 6.81 (3.44-13.47)
Severe Hypoglycemia 354 40 10.3 0.64, 196 0.12 ⬆ 6.44 1.47 (0.41-5.22)
Severe thrombocytopenia 354 40 24.7 1.02, 318 0.016 * ⬆ 3.00 10.44 (1.72-63.2)
Adbominal pain 354 40 1.77 0.70, 4.53 0.23 ⬆ 1.88 1.51 (0.83-2.74)
Agitation 354 40 3.49 0.51, 18.1 0.16 ⬆ 2.53 2.57 (0.89-7.43)
Diarrhoea 354 40 1.41 0.46, 4.89 0.56 ⬆ 2.44 1.02 (0.45-2.35)
Hiccups 354 40 3.06 0.69, 10.9 0.10 ⬆ 1.80 1.71 (0.52-5.62)
Myalgia/Body pain 354 40 1.76 0.73, 4.47 0.22 ⬆ 2.04 1.43 (0.76-2.67)
Nausea/vomiting anytime 354 40 0.94 0.32, 3.08 0.92 ⬇ 2.42 1.11 (0.43-2.85)
Signs of dehydration anytime 354 40 1.25 0.35, 4.02 0.71 ⬆ 1.96 0.92 (0.38-2.25)
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA
1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds.
2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No).
3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk.
Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: Bleeding
Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors
Characteristic N Event N OR 95% CI p-value Significance1 Direction Unadjusted RR2 Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3
Signs of dehydration anytime 354 36 3.06 1.27, 6.97 0.009 ** ⬆ 3.02 2.54 (1.27-5.07)
CT at admission 354 36 0.95 0.89, 1.01 0.088 . ⬇
0.95 (0.89-1.02)
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA
1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds.
2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No).
3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk.
  • Survival by experimental treatment
  • Survival by median Ct
  • Survival by Ct threshold
  • Survival by median age
  • Survival by age group
  • Survival by sex
  • PCR Negativation by experimental treatment
  • PCR Negativation by median Ct
  • PCR Negativation by Ct threshold
  • PCR Negativation by median age
  • PCR Negativation by age group
  • PCR Negativation by sex
  • Effects of covariates on survival time
  • Predictive Ct threshold of Outcome


This dashboard displays statistics of reported cases of EVD in 🇨🇩, North Kivu, in 2018-2019:

Total cases 463
Total death 150
Female cases 56%
Below 5 yrs 2%

Disclaimer

Data are provided by many contributors through the the WHO Clinical data platform and are not necessarily representative. To become a contributor, please see the terms of use and register here.