Cases
463
Deaths
150
CFR (%)
32%
Female (%)
56%
| Characteristic | Death N = 1501 |
Full recovery with sequelae N = 11 |
Full recovery without sequelae N = 2571 |
Referred to another facility N = 31 |
Unknown N = 521 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at admission | – | – | – | – | – | 0.83 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 30 (3, 70) | 42 (42, 42) | 32 (1, 71) | 37 (25, 48) | 29 (1, 63) | – |
| Age Group | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| <5 | 2 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.1%) | – |
| 5-17 | 18 (12%) | 0 (0%) | 20 (8.2%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (12%) | – |
| 18-24 | 26 (18%) | 0 (0%) | 53 (22%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (22%) | – |
| 25-34 | 44 (30%) | 0 (0%) | 60 (25%) | 1 (50%) | 10 (20%) | – |
| 35-49 | 37 (25%) | 1 (100%) | 70 (29%) | 1 (50%) | 13 (27%) | – |
| 50+ | 19 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 33 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (14%) | – |
| Gender | – | – | – | – | – | 0.88 |
| Male | 67 (45%) | 0 (0%) | 110 (43%) | 2 (67%) | 24 (46%) | – |
| Female | 83 (55%) | 1 (100%) | 147 (57%) | 1 (33%) | 28 (54%) | – |
| Patient occupation | – | – | – | – | – | 0.02 |
| Healthcare worker | 9 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 33 (23%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (6.8%) | – |
| Non-healthcare worker | 38 (46%) | 1 (100%) | 66 (46%) | 1 (50%) | 29 (66%) | – |
| Unknown | 36 (43%) | 0 (0%) | 43 (30%) | 1 (50%) | 12 (27%) | – |
| Is the patient pregnant? | 5 (3.3%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (4.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.48 |
| Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? | 4 (2.7%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.53 |
| Diabetes | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.44 |
| HIV | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.70 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Bleeding | 22 (15%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (5.8%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (7.7%) | 0.04 |
| Fever | 88 (59%) | 0 (0%) | 144 (56%) | 2 (67%) | 26 (50%) | 0.66 |
| Diarrhoea | 70 (47%) | 1 (100%) | 77 (30%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (29%) | 0.00 |
| Shock | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.21 |
| Confusion | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.44 |
| Ebola RDT | – | – | – | – | – | 0.76 |
| Oraquick | 2 (1.6%) | 0 (NA%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Not done | 126 (98%) | 0 (NA%) | 212 (99%) | 2 (100%) | 35 (100%) | – |
| Admission Delay | – | – | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 5.0 (0.0, 39.0) | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | 3.0 (0.0, 32.0) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.0) | 4.0 (0.0, 33.0) | – |
| Ct (lowest) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 21 (13, 40) | -- | 29 (18, 42) | 22 (16, 34) | 24 (16, 33) | – |
| Result of GeneXpert PCR | – | – | – | – | – | 0.80 |
| Positive | 130 (100%) | 0 (NA%) | 212 (99%) | 3 (100%) | 41 (100%) | – |
| Negative | 0 (0%) | 0 (NA%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Indeterminate | 0 (0%) | 0 (NA%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Platelets (x10⁹/L) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.67 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 164 (30, 385) | -- | 142 (27, 385) | 199 (181, 216) | 168 (168, 168) | – |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | – | – | – | – | – | 0.54 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 13.80 (10.60, 17.90) | -- | 12.90 (9.00, 17.90) | 12.05 (10.10, 14.00) | 11.20 (11.20, 11.20) | – |
| Calcium (mmol/L) US | – | – | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 7.75 (4.00, 9.00) | 4.00 (4.00, 4.00) | 8.70 (4.00, 10.40) | 9.45 (9.00, 9.90) | 8.05 (7.80, 8.90) | – |
| Antibacterial treatment | 136 (91%) | 1 (100%) | 206 (80%) | 1 (33%) | 46 (88%) | 0.01 |
| Antimalarial treatment | 119 (79%) | 1 (100%) | 176 (68%) | 0 (0%) | 41 (79%) | 0.00 |
| Ebola experimental treatment | 72 (48%) | 0 (0%) | 105 (41%) | 2 (67%) | 23 (44%) | 0.48 |
| Oral/orogastric fluids | 21 (14%) | 1 (100%) | 48 (19%) | 1 (33%) | 8 (15%) | 0.16 |
| Oxygen therapy | 3 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.09 |
| Blood transfusion | 4 (2.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.06 |
| Vasopressors/inotropes | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.44 |
| Hyperkaliemia | 6 (4.0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.12 |
| Hypokaliemia | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (3.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.25 |
| Renal impairment | 20 (13%) | 1 (100%) | 21 (8.2%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.8%) | 0.03 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 13 (8.7%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.02 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 4 (2.7%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.26 |
| Severe thrombocytopenia | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| 1 n (%) | ||||||
| 2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; NA; Fisher’s exact test | ||||||
| Characteristic | Deceased N = 1501 |
Recovered N = 2581 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at admission | – | – | 0.66 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 30 (3, 70) | 32 (1, 71) | – |
| Age Group | – | – | 0.47 |
| <5 | 2 (1.4%) | 7 (2.9%) | – |
| 5-17 | 18 (12%) | 20 (8.2%) | – |
| 18-24 | 26 (18%) | 53 (22%) | – |
| 25-34 | 44 (30%) | 60 (25%) | – |
| 35-49 | 37 (25%) | 71 (29%) | – |
| 50+ | 19 (13%) | 33 (14%) | – |
| Gender | – | – | 0.69 |
| Male | 67 (45%) | 110 (43%) | – |
| Female | 83 (55%) | 148 (57%) | – |
| Patient occupation | – | – | 0.03 |
| Healthcare worker | 9 (11%) | 33 (23%) | – |
| Non-healthcare worker | 38 (46%) | 67 (47%) | – |
| Unknown | 36 (43%) | 43 (30%) | – |
| Is the patient pregnant? | 5 (3.3%) | 11 (4.3%) | 0.64 |
| Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? | 4 (2.7%) | 3 (1.2%) | 0.27 |
| Diabetes | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.37 |
| HIV | 2 (1.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.56 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.00 |
| Bleeding | 22 (15%) | 15 (5.8%) | 0.00 |
| Fever | 88 (59%) | 144 (56%) | 0.57 |
| Diarrhoea | 70 (47%) | 78 (30%) | 0.00 |
| Shock | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.13 |
| Confusion | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.37 |
| Ebola RDT | – | – | 0.63 |
| Oraquick | 2 (1.6%) | 2 (0.9%) | – |
| Not done | 126 (98%) | 212 (99%) | – |
| Admission Delay | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 5.0 (0.0, 39.0) | 3.0 (0.0, 32.0) | – |
| Ct (lowest) | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 21 (13, 40) | 29 (18, 42) | – |
| Result of GeneXpert PCR | – | – | 0.71 |
| Positive | 130 (100%) | 212 (99%) | – |
| Negative | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.9%) | – |
| Indeterminate | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.5%) | – |
| Platelets (x10⁹/L) | – | – | 0.56 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 164 (30, 385) | 142 (27, 385) | – |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | – | – | 0.28 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 13.80 (10.60, 17.90) | 12.90 (9.00, 17.90) | – |
| Calcium (mmol/L) US | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 7.75 (4.00, 9.00) | 8.70 (4.00, 10.40) | – |
| Antibacterial treatment | 136 (91%) | 207 (80%) | 0.01 |
| Antimalarial treatment | 119 (79%) | 177 (69%) | 0.02 |
| Ebola experimental treatment | 72 (48%) | 105 (41%) | 0.15 |
| Oral/orogastric fluids | 21 (14%) | 49 (19%) | 0.20 |
| Oxygen therapy | 3 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.05 |
| Blood transfusion | 4 (2.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.02 |
| Vasopressors/inotropes | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.37 |
| Hyperkaliemia | 6 (4.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.06 |
| Hypokaliemia | 1 (0.7%) | 9 (3.5%) | 0.10 |
| Renal impairment | 20 (13%) | 22 (8.5%) | 0.12 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 13 (8.7%) | 6 (2.3%) | 0.00 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 4 (2.7%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.20 |
| Severe thrombocytopenia | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (0.8%) | 1.00 |
| 1 n (%) | |||
| 2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test | |||
| Characteristic | Male N = 2031 |
Female N = 2601 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at admission | – | – | 0.45 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 32 (1, 71) | 30 (1, 70) | – |
| Age Group | – | – | – |
| <5 | 5 (2.6%) | 6 (2.4%) | – |
| 5-17 | 19 (10%) | 25 (10.0%) | – |
| 18-24 | 30 (16%) | 60 (24%) | – |
| 25-34 | 55 (29%) | 60 (24%) | – |
| 35-49 | 62 (33%) | 60 (24%) | – |
| 50+ | 19 (10%) | 40 (16%) | – |
| Patient occupation | – | – | 0.17 |
| Healthcare worker | 22 (18%) | 23 (15%) | – |
| Non-healthcare worker | 64 (54%) | 71 (46%) | – |
| Unknown | 33 (28%) | 59 (39%) | – |
| Is the patient pregnant? | 0 (0%) | 16 (6.2%) | 0.00 |
| Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? | 3 (1.5%) | 5 (1.9%) | 1.00 |
| Diabetes | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.00 |
| HIV | 1 (0.5%) | 2 (0.8%) | 1.00 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.44 |
| Bleeding | 13 (6.4%) | 28 (11%) | 0.10 |
| Fever | 115 (57%) | 145 (56%) | 0.85 |
| Diarrhoea | 62 (31%) | 101 (39%) | 0.06 |
| Shock | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.00 |
| Confusion | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.00 |
| Ebola RDT | – | – | 0.63 |
| Oraquick | 1 (0.6%) | 3 (1.4%) | – |
| Not done | 170 (99%) | 205 (99%) | – |
| Admission Delay | – | – | 0.33 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 4.0 (0.0, 28.0) | 4.0 (0.0, 39.0) | – |
| Ct (lowest) | – | – | 0.62 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 24 (13, 40) | 24 (15, 42) | – |
| Result of GeneXpert PCR | – | – | 0.34 |
| Positive | 173 (99%) | 213 (99%) | – |
| Negative | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.9%) | – |
| Indeterminate | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Platelets (x10⁹/L) | – | – | 0.84 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 166 (142, 181) | 153 (27, 385) | – |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | – | – | 0.74 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 12.45 (10.60, 14.00) | 13.15 (9.00, 17.90) | – |
| Calcium (mmol/L) US | – | – | 0.90 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 8.30 (4.00, 9.70) | 8.25 (4.00, 10.40) | – |
| Antibacterial treatment | 173 (85%) | 217 (83%) | 0.61 |
| Antimalarial treatment | 160 (79%) | 177 (68%) | 0.01 |
| Ebola experimental treatment | 89 (44%) | 113 (43%) | 0.93 |
| Oral/orogastric fluids | 38 (19%) | 41 (16%) | 0.40 |
| Oxygen therapy | 1 (0.5%) | 2 (0.8%) | 1.00 |
| Blood transfusion | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 1.00 |
| Vasopressors/inotropes | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.44 |
| Outcome at discharge | – | – | 0.88 |
| Death | 67 (33%) | 83 (32%) | – |
| Full recovery with sequelae | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | – |
| Full recovery without sequelae | 110 (54%) | 147 (57%) | – |
| Referred to another facility | 2 (1.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | – |
| Unknown | 24 (12%) | 28 (11%) | – |
| Hyperkaliemia | 3 (1.5%) | 5 (1.9%) | 1.00 |
| Hypokaliemia | 3 (1.5%) | 8 (3.1%) | 0.36 |
| Renal impairment | 18 (8.9%) | 26 (10%) | 0.68 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 11 (5.4%) | 8 (3.1%) | 0.21 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 2 (1.0%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0.47 |
| Severe thrombocytopenia | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.2%) | 0.26 |
| 1 n (%) | |||
| 2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; NA; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test | |||
| Characteristic | CTE001 N = 991 |
CTE002 N = 661 |
CTE003 N = 2291 |
CTE004 N = 671 |
CTE1111 N = 11 |
CTE222 N = 11 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at admission | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.09 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 31 (1, 66) | 29 (3, 65) | 32 (1, 70) | 34 (4, 71) | 18 (18, 18) | 32 (32, 32) | – |
| Age Group | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| <5 | 2 (2.1%) | 2 (3.1%) | 6 (2.8%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| 5-17 | 10 (11%) | 7 (11%) | 17 (7.9%) | 10 (15%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| 18-24 | 26 (27%) | 16 (25%) | 40 (19%) | 7 (11%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| 25-34 | 17 (18%) | 23 (35%) | 58 (27%) | 16 (25%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | – |
| 35-49 | 32 (34%) | 9 (14%) | 55 (26%) | 26 (40%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| 50+ | 8 (8.4%) | 8 (12%) | 38 (18%) | 5 (7.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Gender | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.01 |
| Male | 30 (30%) | 31 (47%) | 103 (45%) | 38 (57%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | – |
| Female | 69 (70%) | 35 (53%) | 126 (55%) | 29 (43%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Patient occupation | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Healthcare worker | 10 (32%) | 14 (45%) | 18 (12%) | 2 (3.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | – |
| Non-healthcare worker | 6 (19%) | 7 (23%) | 99 (66%) | 22 (38%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Unknown | 15 (48%) | 10 (32%) | 33 (22%) | 34 (59%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Is the patient pregnant? | 10 (10%) | 1 (1.5%) | 5 (2.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.01 |
| Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.0%) | 5 (2.2%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.42 |
| Diabetes | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.15 |
| HIV | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.84 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.15 |
| Bleeding | 10 (10%) | 7 (11%) | 19 (8.3%) | 5 (7.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.89 |
| Fever | 68 (69%) | 47 (71%) | 115 (50%) | 28 (42%) | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0.00 |
| Diarrhoea | 42 (42%) | 36 (55%) | 69 (30%) | 15 (22%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0.00 |
| Shock | 2 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.14 |
| Confusion | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Ebola RDT | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Oraquick | 3 (4.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Not done | 69 (96%) | 54 (100%) | 209 (100%) | 42 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | – |
| Admission Delay | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.99 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 4.0 (0.0, 39.0) | 4.0 (0.0, 21.0) | 4.0 (0.0, 34.0) | 4.0 (0.0, 28.0) | 5.0 (5.0, 5.0) | -- | – |
| Ct (lowest) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.44 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 23 (13, 42) | 25 (17, 33) | 24 (16, 40) | 24 (16, 40) | 19 (19, 19) | -- | – |
| Result of GeneXpert PCR | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.56 |
| Positive | 69 (99%) | 58 (100%) | 212 (99%) | 45 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | – |
| Negative | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Indeterminate | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Platelets (x10⁹/L) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.12 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 159 (27, 385) | -- | -- | -- | 385 (385, 385) | -- | – |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.93 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 13.10 (9.00, 17.90) | -- | -- | -- | 13.20 (13.20, 13.20) | -- | – |
| Calcium (mmol/L) US | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.63 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 8.20 (4.00, 10.40) | 8.70 (4.00, 9.70) | 7.80 (7.10, 9.80) | 6.45 (4.00, 8.90) | 8.30 (8.30, 8.30) | -- | – |
| Antibacterial treatment | 53 (54%) | 60 (91%) | 221 (97%) | 55 (82%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0.00 |
| Antimalarial treatment | 10 (10%) | 57 (86%) | 218 (95%) | 51 (76%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0.00 |
| Ebola experimental treatment | 29 (29%) | 48 (73%) | 95 (41%) | 28 (42%) | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | 0.00 |
| Oral/orogastric fluids | 8 (8.1%) | 12 (18%) | 48 (21%) | 11 (16%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.07 |
| Oxygen therapy | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.72 |
| Blood transfusion | 3 (3.0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.14 |
| Vasopressors/inotropes | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.51 |
| Outcome at discharge | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Death | 28 (28%) | 25 (38%) | 81 (35%) | 16 (24%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Full recovery with sequelae | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Full recovery without sequelae | 64 (65%) | 41 (62%) | 127 (55%) | 23 (34%) | 1 (100%) | 1 (100%) | – |
| Referred to another facility | 2 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Unknown | 5 (5.1%) | 0 (0%) | 21 (9.2%) | 26 (39%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Hyperkaliemia | 4 (4.0%) | 1 (1.5%) | 3 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.26 |
| Hypokaliemia | 7 (7.1%) | 3 (4.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.00 |
| Renal impairment | 24 (24%) | 7 (11%) | 9 (3.9%) | 3 (4.5%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0.00 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 9 (9.1%) | 4 (6.1%) | 5 (2.2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0.00 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 3 (3.0%) | 1 (1.5%) | 3 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.49 |
| Severe thrombocytopenia | 3 (3.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.05 |
| 1 n (%) | |||||||
| 2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; NA; Fisher’s exact test | |||||||
| Symptoms Prevalence at Admission | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Number of Cases | Prevalence | Frequency1 |
| Fatigue/Weakness/Malaise | 70.4% | 326 / 463 | |
| Anorexia | 57.5% | 266 / 463 | |
| Fever | 56.2% | 260 / 463 | |
| Headache | 49.5% | 229 / 463 | |
| Myalgia/Body Pain | 49.0% | 227 / 463 | |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 48.4% | 224 / 463 | |
| Diarrhoea | 35.2% | 163 / 463 | |
| Abdominal pain | 34.3% | 159 / 463 | |
| Chest Pain | 17.9% | 83 / 463 | |
| Sore throat/Swallowing | 16.2% | 75 / 463 | |
| Difficulty breathing | 5.8% | 27 / 463 | |
| Hiccups | 5.8% | 27 / 463 | |
| Irriability/Confusion | 1.3% | 6 / 463 | |
| 1 Among all cases, assuming missing = Absence. | |||
| Characteristic | Death N = 1501 |
Recovered N = 2581 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fever | 88 (59%) | 144 (56%) | 0.57 |
| Anorexia | 94 (63%) | 147 (57%) | 0.26 |
| Headache | 78 (52%) | 124 (48%) | 0.44 |
| Chest Pain | 32 (21%) | 47 (18%) | 0.44 |
| Hiccups | 10 (6.7%) | 17 (6.6%) | 0.98 |
| Difficulty breathing | 14 (9.3%) | 11 (4.3%) | 0.04 |
| Abdominal pain | 61 (41%) | 84 (33%) | 0.10 |
| Diarrhoea | 70 (47%) | 78 (30%) | 0.00 |
| Irriability/Confusion | 3 (2.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.36 |
| Fatigue/Weakness/Malaise | 120 (80%) | 169 (66%) | 0.00 |
| Myalgia/Body Pain | 85 (57%) | 117 (45%) | 0.03 |
| Sore throat/Swallowing | 38 (25%) | 33 (13%) | 0.00 |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 89 (59%) | 117 (45%) | 0.01 |
| 1 n (%) | |||
| 2 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test | |||
| Characteristic | Death N = 1501 |
Recovered N = 2581 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibacterial treatment | 136 (91%) | 207 (80%) | 0.01 |
| Antimalarial treatment | 119 (79%) | 177 (69%) | 0.02 |
| Other type of treatment | 134 (89%) | 202 (78%) | 0.00 |
| Ebola experimental treatment | 72 (48%) | 105 (41%) | 0.15 |
| Oral/orogastric fluids | 21 (14%) | 49 (19%) | 0.20 |
| Oxygen therapy | 3 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.05 |
| Blood transfusion | 4 (2.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.02 |
| Vasopressors/inotropes | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.37 |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 26 (17%) | 22 (8.5%) | 0.01 |
| Zmapp | 5 (3.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.03 |
| mAb114 | 18 (12%) | 53 (21%) | 0.03 |
| REGN3470-3471-3479 | 22 (15%) | 27 (10%) | 0.21 |
| 1 n (%) | |||
| 2 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test | |||
| Characteristic | Overall N = 4081 |
Death N = 1501 |
Recovered N = 2581 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperkaliemia | 8 (2.0%) | 6 (4.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.06 |
| Hypokaliemia | 10 (2.5%) | 1 (0.7%) | 9 (3.5%) | 0.10 |
| Renal impairment | 42 (10%) | 20 (13%) | 22 (8.5%) | 0.12 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 19 (4.7%) | 13 (8.7%) | 6 (2.3%) | 0.00 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 6 (1.5%) | 4 (2.7%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.20 |
| Severe thrombocytopenia | 3 (0.7%) | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (0.8%) | 1.00 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | – | – | – | 0.28 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 13.20 (9.00, 17.90) | 13.80 (10.60, 17.90) | 12.90 (9.00, 17.90) | – |
| WBC count (x10⁹/L) | – | – | – | 0.33 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 9 (2, 81) | 10 (3, 81) | 8 (2, 52) | – |
| Platelets (x10⁹/L) | – | – | – | 0.56 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 148 (27, 385) | 164 (30, 385) | 142 (27, 385) | – |
| ALT/SGPT (U/L) US | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 186 (12, 2,000) | 397 (22, 2,000) | 136 (12, 1,100) | – |
| AST/SGO (U/L) US | – | – | – | 0.02 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 367 (11, 2,000) | 726 (40, 2,000) | 136 (11, 2,000) | – |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 0.60 (0.10, 10.00) | 0.75 (0.40, 10.00) | 0.50 (0.10, 2.30) | – |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | – | – | – | 0.02 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 1.20 (0.20, 12.00) | 1.90 (0.50, 11.10) | 1.05 (0.20, 12.00) | – |
| Potassium (mmol/L) US | – | – | – | 0.03 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 4.05 (1.50, 58.00) | 4.30 (2.70, 58.00) | 3.80 (1.50, 6.80) | – |
| Urea (mg/dL) | – | – | – | 0.01 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 16 (3, 151) | 27 (5, 151) | 10 (3, 142) | – |
| Creatinine kinase (U/L) US | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 592 (8, 5,000) | 1,056 (79, 5,000) | 335 (8, 5,000) | – |
| Calcium (mmol/L) US | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 8.30 (4.00, 10.40) | 7.75 (4.00, 9.00) | 8.70 (4.00, 10.40) | – |
| Sodium (mmol/L) US | – | – | – | 0.68 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 132 (123, 180) | 132 (123, 180) | 132 (123, 152) | – |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | – | – | – | 0.86 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 93 (42, 406) | 93 (50, 406) | 93 (42, 308) | – |
| 1 n (%) | ||||
| 2 Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Wilcoxon rank sum test | ||||
| Characteristic | Death N = 1501 |
Recovered N = 2581 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bleeding | 22 (15%) | 15 (5.8%) | 0.00 |
| Shock | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.13 |
| Confusion | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.37 |
| Coma (P/U in AVPU scoring) | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.13 |
| 1 n (%) | |||
| 2 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test | |||
Experimental Treatments (admission)
Intravenous Fluid
Final Outcome
| Time from Onset to Negativation by Treatment | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | N | Mean | Median | IQR | Min | Max |
| None | 11 | 12.8 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 4.0 | 23.0 |
| REGN3470-3471-3479 | 45 | 11.6 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 2.0 | 35.0 |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 15 | 11.1 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 4.0 | 26.0 |
| mAb114 | 26 | 12.4 | 11.5 | 9.8 | 4.0 | 35.0 |
| Zmapp | 2 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 6.0 |
- Deceased patients (n=147) had a median admission delay of 5 days (IQR 4.5, range 0-39)
- Recovered patients (n=253) had a median admission delay of 3 days (IQR 4, range 0-32)| Characteristic | Mornings N = 1,1851 |
Middays N = 1,1851 |
Evenings N = 1,1851 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seizure | 4 (0.3%) | 5 (0.4%) | 2 (0.2%) | 0.65 |
| Signs of shock | 4 (0.3%) | 5 (0.4%) | 5 (0.4%) | 1.00 |
| Agitation | 10 (0.8%) | 8 (0.7%) | 8 (0.7%) | 0.86 |
| Anuria | 10 (0.8%) | 12 (1.0%) | 10 (0.8%) | 0.88 |
| Difficulty breathing | 17 (1.4%) | 8 (0.7%) | 14 (1.2%) | 0.20 |
| Desorientation | 23 (1.9%) | 15 (1.3%) | 11 (0.9%) | 0.10 |
| Dysphagia | 27 (2.3%) | 21 (1.8%) | 23 (1.9%) | 0.67 |
| Signs of dehydration | 57 (4.8%) | 40 (3.4%) | 42 (3.5%) | 0.14 |
| Headache | 76 (6.4%) | 48 (4.1%) | 52 (4.4%) | 0.02 |
| Myalgia | 79 (6.7%) | 41 (3.5%) | 49 (4.1%) | 0.00 |
| Unusual bleeding/bruising | 102 (8.6%) | 67 (5.7%) | 78 (6.6%) | 0.02 |
| Anorexia | 143 (12%) | 97 (8.2%) | 108 (9.1%) | 0.00 |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 170 (14%) | 102 (8.6%) | 125 (11%) | 0.00 |
| Diarrhoea | 259 (22%) | 192 (16%) | 220 (19%) | 0.00 |
| Fatigue/Weakness | 302 (25%) | 220 (19%) | 255 (22%) | 0.00 |
| 1 n (%) | ||||
| 2 Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test | ||||
| Symptom | Pre-infusion N = 2641 |
Post-infusion N = 2601 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dizziness | >0.9 | ||
| Mild | 5 (1.9%) | 4 (1.6%) | |
| Not present | 253 (98%) | 249 (98%) | |
| Dyspepsia | 0.6 | ||
| Mild | 3 (1.2%) | 4 (1.6%) | |
| Moderate | 5 (1.9%) | 2 (0.8%) | |
| Not present | 250 (97%) | 245 (98%) | |
| Tremor | 0.2 | ||
| Mild | 6 (2.3%) | 2 (0.8%) | |
| Moderate | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Not present | 252 (98%) | 248 (98%) | |
| Severe | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Pruritis | 0.8 | ||
| Mild | 3 (1.2%) | 2 (0.8%) | |
| Not present | 251 (99%) | 233 (99%) | |
| Severe | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Eruption | >0.9 | ||
| Mild | 3 (1.2%) | 2 (0.8%) | |
| Moderate | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Not present | 250 (98%) | 234 (99%) | |
| Bleeding | >0.9 | ||
| Mild | 12 (4.7%) | 12 (5.1%) | |
| Moderate | 3 (1.2%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
| Not present | 237 (94%) | 218 (93%) | |
| Severe | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Anorexia | 0.8 | ||
| Life-threatening | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Mild | 24 (9.6%) | 21 (9.1%) | |
| Moderate | 5 (2.0%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
| Not present | 220 (88%) | 207 (89%) | |
| Diarrhoea | 0.8 | ||
| Life-threatening | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Mild | 26 (10%) | 21 (9.1%) | |
| Moderate | 14 (5.6%) | 10 (4.3%) | |
| Not present | 208 (83%) | 196 (85%) | |
| Severe | 4 (1.6%) | 2 (0.9%) | |
| Nausea | 0.9 | ||
| Mild | 34 (13%) | 30 (13%) | |
| Moderate | 5 (2.0%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
| Not present | 211 (84%) | 202 (86%) | |
| Severe | 2 (0.8%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Vomiting | 0.2 | ||
| Mild | 24 (9.6%) | 20 (8.5%) | |
| Moderate | 9 (3.6%) | 2 (0.9%) | |
| Not present | 213 (86%) | 211 (90%) | |
| Severe | 3 (1.2%) | 2 (0.9%) | |
| Constipation | |||
| Not present | 246 (100%) | 231 (100%) | |
| Headache | 0.057 | ||
| Mild | 12 (4.9%) | 4 (1.7%) | |
| Moderate | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Not present | 232 (95%) | 225 (98%) | |
| Hypertension | 0.7 | ||
| Mild | 3 (1.2%) | 4 (1.7%) | |
| Moderate | 1 (0.4%) | 2 (0.9%) | |
| Not present | 240 (98%) | 224 (97%) | |
| Hypotension | 0.3 | ||
| Mild | 16 (6.5%) | 11 (4.8%) | |
| Moderate | 4 (1.6%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Not present | 227 (92%) | 218 (94%) | |
| Severe | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Tachycradia | 0.7 | ||
| Mild | 34 (14%) | 26 (11%) | |
| Moderate | 19 (7.6%) | 15 (6.3%) | |
| Not present | 196 (78%) | 197 (82%) | |
| Severe | 2 (0.8%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Heart attack | |||
| Not present | 244 (100%) | 231 (100%) | |
| Angioedema | |||
| Not present | 244 (100%) | 230 (100%) | |
| Bronchospasm | 0.5 | ||
| Mild | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Not present | 241 (100%) | 227 (100%) | |
| Fever | 0.3 | ||
| Mild | 50 (20%) | 34 (14%) | |
| Moderate | 26 (10%) | 19 (8.1%) | |
| Not present | 170 (67%) | 177 (75%) | |
| Severe | 7 (2.8%) | 6 (2.5%) | |
| Shortness of breath | 0.6 | ||
| Mild | 4 (1.6%) | 5 (2.2%) | |
| Moderate | 1 (0.4%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
| Not present | 238 (98%) | 222 (97%) | |
| 1 n (%) | |||
| 2 Fisher’s exact test; NA | |||
| Symptom | Pre-infusion N = 2641 |
Post-infusion N = 2601 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dizziness | 0.5 | ||
| Mild | 3 (1.2%) | 5 (2.0%) | |
| Not present | 256 (99%) | 247 (98%) | |
| Dyspepsia | 0.8 | ||
| Mild | 3 (1.2%) | 2 (0.8%) | |
| Moderate | 3 (1.2%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Not present | 253 (98%) | 247 (99%) | |
| Tremor | 0.090 | ||
| Mild | 4 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Moderate | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Not present | 255 (98%) | 249 (100%) | |
| Pruritis | 0.9 | ||
| Mild | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Moderate | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Not present | 253 (99%) | 235 (99%) | |
| Severe | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Eruption | >0.9 | ||
| Mild | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Moderate | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Not present | 252 (99%) | 235 (100%) | |
| Bleeding | >0.9 | ||
| Mild | 10 (3.9%) | 9 (3.8%) | |
| Moderate | 2 (0.8%) | 2 (0.8%) | |
| Not present | 241 (95%) | 224 (95%) | |
| Severe | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Anorexia | 0.7 | ||
| Life-threatening | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Mild | 23 (9.2%) | 18 (7.7%) | |
| Moderate | 5 (2.0%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
| Not present | 222 (89%) | 213 (91%) | |
| Diarrhoea | 0.7 | ||
| Life-threatening | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Mild | 24 (9.5%) | 17 (7.3%) | |
| Moderate | 13 (5.1%) | 10 (4.3%) | |
| Not present | 211 (83%) | 201 (87%) | |
| Severe | 5 (2.0%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
| Nausea | 0.7 | ||
| Mild | 22 (8.7%) | 24 (10%) | |
| Moderate | 8 (3.2%) | 4 (1.7%) | |
| Not present | 221 (87%) | 208 (88%) | |
| Severe | 2 (0.8%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Vomiting | 0.4 | ||
| Mild | 19 (7.6%) | 13 (5.5%) | |
| Moderate | 8 (3.2%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
| Not present | 221 (88%) | 218 (92%) | |
| Severe | 3 (1.2%) | 2 (0.8%) | |
| Constipation | >0.9 | ||
| Mild | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Not present | 248 (100%) | 232 (100%) | |
| Headache | 0.025 | ||
| Mild | 12 (4.9%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
| Moderate | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Not present | 235 (95%) | 228 (98%) | |
| Hypertension | 0.9 | ||
| Mild | 4 (1.6%) | 5 (2.2%) | |
| Moderate | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Not present | 243 (98%) | 226 (97%) | |
| Hypotension | 0.6 | ||
| Mild | 16 (6.4%) | 10 (4.3%) | |
| Moderate | 2 (0.8%) | 2 (0.9%) | |
| Not present | 231 (93%) | 222 (95%) | |
| Tachycradia | 0.6 | ||
| Mild | 36 (14%) | 25 (10%) | |
| Moderate | 18 (7.1%) | 17 (7.0%) | |
| Not present | 195 (77%) | 198 (81%) | |
| Severe | 4 (1.6%) | 4 (1.6%) | |
| Heart attack | 0.5 | ||
| Moderate | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Not present | 245 (100%) | 231 (100%) | |
| Angioedema | |||
| Not present | 247 (100%) | 232 (100%) | |
| Bronchospasm | 0.5 | ||
| Mild | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Not present | 245 (100%) | 229 (100%) | |
| Fever | 0.4 | ||
| Mild | 41 (16%) | 27 (11%) | |
| Moderate | 25 (9.8%) | 25 (11%) | |
| Not present | 180 (71%) | 179 (76%) | |
| Severe | 8 (3.1%) | 5 (2.1%) | |
| Shortness of breath | 0.5 | ||
| Mild | 5 (2.0%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
| Moderate | 1 (0.4%) | 3 (1.3%) | |
| Not present | 242 (98%) | 226 (97%) | |
| 1 n (%) | |||
| 2 Fisher’s exact test; NA | |||
| Characteristic | N | n_obs | Event N | log(OR) | 95% CI | p-value | q-value1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age Group | 354 | 134 | |||||
| <5 years | 9 | — | — | ||||
| 5–17 years | 32 | 1.1 | -0.46, 3.1 | 0.20 | 0.37 | ||
| 18–24 years | 72 | 0.56 | -0.95, 2.5 | 0.51 | 0.62 | ||
| 25–34 years | 94 | 0.95 | -0.53, 2.9 | 0.25 | 0.44 | ||
| 35–49 years | 102 | 0.65 | -0.83, 2.6 | 0.43 | 0.56 | ||
| 50+ years | 45 | 0.75 | -0.80, 2.7 | 0.38 | 0.53 | ||
| Gender | 354 | 134 | |||||
| Male | 151 | — | — | ||||
| Female | 203 | -0.09 | -0.52, 0.34 | 0.68 | 0.72 | ||
| CT at Admission | 354 | 354 | 134 | -0.28 | -0.35, -0.22 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Admission Delay | 354 | 354 | 134 | 0.09 | 0.04, 0.14 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| Pregnancy | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 338 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 16 | -0.31 | -1.5, 0.73 | 0.58 | 0.66 | ||
| Any Comorbid Conditions | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 348 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 6 | 1.2 | -0.44, 3.2 | 0.17 | 0.32 | ||
| Oral / Orogastric Fluids | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 292 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 62 | -0.30 | -0.90, 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.47 | ||
| Experimental Treatment (any) | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 209 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 145 | 0.40 | -0.03, 0.84 | 0.071 | 0.17 | ||
| Hyperkaliemia | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 347 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 7 | 2.3 | 0.55, 5.3 | 0.032 | 0.10 | ||
| Hypokaliemia | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 344 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 10 | -1.7 | -4.7, -0.05 | 0.10 | 0.22 | ||
| Renal Impairment | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 314 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 40 | 0.33 | -0.34, 1.0 | 0.32 | 0.47 | ||
| Rhabdomyolysis | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 335 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 19 | 1.3 | 0.39, 2.4 | 0.008 | 0.039 | ||
| Severe Hypoglycemia | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 348 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 6 | 1.2 | -0.44, 3.2 | 0.17 | 0.32 | ||
| Severe Thrombocytopenia | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 351 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 3 | -0.20 | -3.3, 2.2 | 0.87 | 0.89 | ||
| Bleeding | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 318 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 36 | 0.93 | 0.24, 1.6 | 0.009 | 0.040 | ||
| Abdominal pain anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 223 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 131 | 0.23 | -0.22, 0.67 | 0.32 | 0.47 | ||
| Agitation anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 343 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 11 | 1.1 | -0.13, 2.4 | 0.087 | 0.20 | ||
| Anorexia anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 96 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 258 | 0.53 | 0.03, 1.0 | 0.041 | 0.12 | ||
| Anuria anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 342 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 12 | 1.7 | 0.42, 3.2 | 0.015 | 0.057 | ||
| Chest Pain anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 277 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 77 | 0.20 | -0.32, 0.71 | 0.45 | 0.56 | ||
| Desorientation anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 335 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 19 | 0.86 | -0.07, 1.8 | 0.071 | 0.17 | ||
| Diarrhoea anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 134 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 220 | 0.90 | 0.43, 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||
| Difficulty breathing anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 311 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 43 | 1.3 | 0.63, 2.0 | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||
| Dysphagia anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 319 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 35 | 0.36 | -0.35, 1.1 | 0.31 | 0.47 | ||
| Fatigue/Weakness anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 52 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 302 | 1.4 | 0.63, 2.2 | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||
| Fever anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 154 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 200 | 0.11 | -0.32, 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.68 | ||
| Headache anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 139 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 215 | -0.17 | -0.61, 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.56 | ||
| Hiccups anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 328 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 26 | 0.03 | -0.83, 0.84 | 0.95 | 0.95 | ||
| Irriability/Confusion anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 349 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 5 | 0.91 | -0.90, 3.0 | 0.32 | 0.47 | ||
| Myalgia anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 271 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 83 | 0.11 | -0.40, 0.61 | 0.68 | 0.72 | ||
| Myalgia / Body Pain anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 165 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 189 | 0.41 | -0.02, 0.85 | 0.064 | 0.17 | ||
| Nausea/Vomiting anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 106 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 248 | 0.54 | 0.06, 1.0 | 0.030 | 0.10 | ||
| Signs of dehydration anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 314 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 40 | 0.22 | -0.46, 0.88 | 0.52 | 0.62 | ||
| Sore throat / Swallowing anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 285 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 69 | 0.73 | 0.20, 1.3 | 0.007 | 0.038 | ||
| Unusual Bleeding/Bruising anytime | 354 | 134 | |||||
| No | 268 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 86 | 1.1 | 0.62, 1.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio | |||||||
| 1 False discovery rate correction for multiple testing | |||||||
| Characteristic | N | n_obs | Event N | log(OR) | 95% CI | p-value | q-value1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 354 | 40 | |||||
| Male | 151 | — | — | ||||
| Female | 203 | -0.11 | -0.77, 0.56 | 0.75 | 0.86 | ||
| CT at Admission | 354 | 354 | 40 | -0.08 | -0.14, -0.02 | 0.009 | 0.049 |
| Admission Delay | 354 | 354 | 40 | 0.02 | -0.04, 0.08 | 0.43 | 0.57 |
| Pregnancy | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 338 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 16 | 0.63 | -0.88, 1.8 | 0.34 | 0.51 | ||
| Oral / Orogastric Fluids | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 292 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 62 | 0.52 | -0.30, 1.3 | 0.19 | 0.34 | ||
| Experimental Treatment (any) | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 209 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 145 | 0.99 | 0.32, 1.7 | 0.004 | 0.034 | ||
| Hyperkaliemia | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 347 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 7 | 3.1 | 1.5, 5.1 | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||
| Hypokaliemia | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 344 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 10 | 1.7 | 0.34, 3.0 | 0.009 | 0.049 | ||
| Rhabdomyolysis | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 335 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 19 | 3.5 | 2.5, 4.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Severe Hypoglycemia | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 348 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 6 | 2.9 | 1.2, 4.9 | 0.001 | 0.013 | ||
| Severe Thrombocytopenia | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 351 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 3 | 1.4 | -1.7, 3.8 | 0.26 | 0.44 | ||
| Bleeding | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 318 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 36 | -0.02 | -1.3, 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | ||
| Abdominal pain anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 223 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 131 | 0.72 | 0.05, 1.4 | 0.034 | 0.11 | ||
| Agitation anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 343 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 11 | 1.1 | -0.42, 2.4 | 0.11 | 0.24 | ||
| Anorexia anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 96 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 258 | 0.82 | -0.01, 1.8 | 0.074 | 0.20 | ||
| Anuria anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 342 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 12 | 1.0 | -0.53, 2.3 | 0.14 | 0.30 | ||
| Chest Pain anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 277 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 77 | 0.63 | -0.11, 1.3 | 0.084 | 0.21 | ||
| Desorientation anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 335 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 19 | -0.08 | -1.9, 1.2 | 0.91 | 0.97 | ||
| Diarrhoea anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 134 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 220 | 0.99 | 0.23, 1.9 | 0.017 | 0.076 | ||
| Difficulty breathing anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 311 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 43 | 0.49 | -0.47, 1.3 | 0.28 | 0.44 | ||
| Dysphagia anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 319 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 35 | 0.01 | -1.2, 1.0 | 0.98 | 0.98 | ||
| Fatigue/Weakness anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 52 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 302 | 0.82 | -0.24, 2.3 | 0.18 | 0.34 | ||
| Fever anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 154 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 200 | 0.28 | -0.39, 0.98 | 0.42 | 0.57 | ||
| Headache anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 139 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 215 | -0.15 | -0.81, 0.53 | 0.66 | 0.78 | ||
| Hiccups anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 328 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 26 | 0.69 | -0.45, 1.7 | 0.19 | 0.34 | ||
| Irriability/Confusion anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 349 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 5 | 0.69 | -2.3, 2.6 | 0.54 | 0.67 | ||
| Myalgia anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 271 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 83 | -0.06 | -0.90, 0.69 | 0.88 | 0.97 | ||
| Myalgia / Body Pain anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 165 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 189 | 0.80 | 0.11, 1.5 | 0.028 | 0.11 | ||
| Nausea/Vomiting anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 106 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 248 | 0.97 | 0.14, 2.0 | 0.034 | 0.11 | ||
| Signs of dehydration anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 314 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 40 | 0.79 | -0.12, 1.6 | 0.071 | 0.20 | ||
| Sore throat / Swallowing anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 285 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 69 | 0.37 | -0.45, 1.1 | 0.35 | 0.51 | ||
| Unusual Bleeding/Bruising anytime | 354 | 40 | |||||
| No | 268 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 86 | -0.28 | -1.2, 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.64 | ||
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio | |||||||
| 1 False discovery rate correction for multiple testing | |||||||
| Characteristic | N | n_obs | Event N | log(OR) | 95% CI | p-value | q-value1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age Group | 354 | 36 | |||||
| <5 years | 9 | — | — | ||||
| 5–17 years | 32 | 0.39 | -1.6, 3.4 | 0.74 | 0.96 | ||
| 18–24 years | 72 | 0.13 | -1.7, 3.1 | 0.91 | 0.97 | ||
| 25–34 years | 94 | 0.06 | -1.8, 3.0 | 0.96 | 0.97 | ||
| 35–49 years | 102 | -0.38 | -2.3, 2.6 | 0.73 | 0.96 | ||
| 50+ years | 45 | -0.99 | -3.5, 2.1 | 0.44 | 0.86 | ||
| Gender | 354 | 36 | |||||
| Male | 151 | — | — | ||||
| Female | 203 | 0.58 | -0.14, 1.4 | 0.13 | 0.56 | ||
| CT at Admission | 354 | 354 | 36 | -0.07 | -0.13, -0.01 | 0.027 | 0.44 |
| Admission Delay | 354 | 354 | 36 | 0.03 | -0.04, 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.82 |
| Pregnancy | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 338 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 16 | 0.24 | -1.6, 1.6 | 0.75 | 0.96 | ||
| Oral / Orogastric Fluids | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 292 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 62 | 0.33 | -0.56, 1.1 | 0.43 | 0.86 | ||
| Experimental Treatment (any) | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 209 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 145 | 0.66 | -0.03, 1.4 | 0.064 | 0.53 | ||
| Hyperkaliemia | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 347 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 7 | 1.3 | -0.67, 2.9 | 0.13 | 0.56 | ||
| Hypokaliemia | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 344 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 10 | 0.82 | -1.1, 2.3 | 0.31 | 0.82 | ||
| Renal Impairment | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 314 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 40 | -0.02 | -1.3, 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | ||
| Severe Hypoglycemia | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 348 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 6 | 0.58 | -2.4, 2.4 | 0.60 | 0.96 | ||
| Abdominal pain anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 223 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 131 | 0.22 | -0.50, 0.91 | 0.54 | 0.94 | ||
| Agitation anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 343 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 11 | 0.70 | -1.2, 2.1 | 0.38 | 0.84 | ||
| Anorexia anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 96 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 258 | 0.68 | -0.16, 1.7 | 0.14 | 0.56 | ||
| Anuria anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 342 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 12 | -0.23 | -3.1, 1.5 | 0.83 | 0.97 | ||
| Chest Pain anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 277 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 77 | 0.52 | -0.28, 1.3 | 0.18 | 0.60 | ||
| Desorientation anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 335 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 19 | 0.04 | -1.8, 1.3 | 0.96 | 0.97 | ||
| Diarrhoea anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 134 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 220 | 0.66 | -0.09, 1.5 | 0.10 | 0.56 | ||
| Difficulty breathing anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 311 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 43 | 0.84 | -0.08, 1.7 | 0.057 | 0.53 | ||
| Dysphagia anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 319 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 35 | 0.15 | -1.1, 1.2 | 0.80 | 0.97 | ||
| Fatigue/Weakness anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 52 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 302 | -0.17 | -1.0, 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.96 | ||
| Fever anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 154 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 200 | 0.34 | -0.36, 1.1 | 0.35 | 0.82 | ||
| Headache anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 139 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 215 | -0.24 | -0.93, 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.92 | ||
| Hiccups anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 328 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 26 | -0.33 | -2.2, 0.95 | 0.67 | 0.96 | ||
| Myalgia anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 271 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 83 | -0.08 | -0.97, 0.71 | 0.85 | 0.97 | ||
| Myalgia / Body Pain anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 165 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 189 | 0.35 | -0.34, 1.1 | 0.33 | 0.82 | ||
| Nausea/Vomiting anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 106 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 248 | 0.63 | -0.18, 1.6 | 0.15 | 0.56 | ||
| Signs of dehydration anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 314 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 40 | 1.3 | 0.45, 2.1 | 0.002 | 0.060 | ||
| Sore throat / Swallowing anytime | 354 | 36 | |||||
| No | 285 | — | — | ||||
| Yes | 69 | 0.19 | -0.71, 0.98 | 0.66 | 0.96 | ||
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio | |||||||
| 1 False discovery rate correction for multiple testing | |||||||
| Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: EVD Outcome | ||||||||||
| Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | N | Event N | OR | 95% CI | p-value | Significance1 | Direction | Unadjusted RR2 | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT at admission |  |
354 | 134 | 0.73 | 0.67, 0.78 | <0.001 | *** | ⬇ | 0.86 (0.84-0.89) | |
| Delay from Onset to Admission |  |
354 | 134 | 1.14 | 1.05, 1.23 | 0.001 | ** | ⬆ | 1.02 (1-1.04) | |
| Hyperkaliemia |  |
354 | 134 | 17.7 | 0.75, 1,120 | 0.17 | ⬆ | 2.32 | 1.27 (0.82-1.97) | |
| Rhabdomyolysis |  |
354 | 134 | 1.88 | 0.56, 6.77 | 0.31 | ⬆ | 1.89 | 1.16 (0.8-1.67) | |
| Anuria anytime |  |
354 | 134 | 2.64 | 0.53, 16.1 | 0.26 | ⬆ | 2.05 | 1.36 (0.8-2.32) | |
| Difficulty breathing anytime |  |
354 | 134 | 4.31 | 1.74, 11.4 | 0.002 | ** | ⬆ | 1.91 | 1.58 (1.2-2.08) |
| Signs of dehydration anytime |  |
354 | 134 | 0.29 | 0.11, 0.71 | 0.008 | ** | ⬇ | 1.14 | 0.65 (0.47-0.91) |
| Unusual bleeding bruising anytime |  |
354 | 134 | 2.36 | 1.19, 4.74 | 0.014 | * | ⬆ | 1.85 | 1.32 (1.07-1.64) |
| Anorexia |  |
354 | 134 | 0.62 | 0.28, 1.33 | 0.22 | ⬇ | 1.41 | 0.88 (0.65-1.19) | |
| Diarrhoea |  |
354 | 134 | 1.14 | 0.54, 2.38 | 0.74 | ⬆ | 1.79 | 1.14 (0.85-1.52) | |
| Fatigue/weakness anytime |  |
354 | 134 | 2.48 | 0.83, 7.95 | 0.11 | ⬆ | 2.71 | 1.51 (0.89-2.58) | |
| Nausea/vomiting anytime |  |
354 | 134 | 0.52 | 0.24, 1.13 | 0.10 | . | ⬇ | 1.42 | 0.85 (0.6-1.19) |
| Sore throat/swallowing anytime |  |
354 | 134 | 1.46 | 0.70, 3.05 | 0.32 | ⬆ | 1.52 | 1.06 (0.82-1.37) | |
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA | ||||||||||
| 1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds. | ||||||||||
| 2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No). | ||||||||||
| 3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk. | ||||||||||
| Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: Renal Impairment | ||||||||||
| Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | N | Event N | OR | 95% CI | p-value | Significance1 | Direction | Unadjusted RR2 | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT at admission |  |
354 | 40 | 0.97 | 0.89, 1.05 | 0.45 | ⬇ | 0.97 (0.92-1.03) | ||
| Experimental treatment |  |
354 | 40 | 2.40 | 1.01, 5.91 | 0.051 | . | ⬆ | 2.40 | 1.96 (1.03-3.73) |
| Hyperkaliemia |  |
354 | 40 | 31.9 | 3.17, 355 | 0.003 | ** | ⬆ | 7.08 | 1.83 (0.57-5.96) |
| Hypokaliemia |  |
354 | 40 | 16.3 | 2.95, 84.4 | <0.001 | *** | ⬆ | 3.82 | 6.49 (2.19-19.19) |
| Rhabdomyolysis |  |
354 | 40 | 38.8 | 11.5, 151 | <0.001 | *** | ⬆ | 9.49 | 6.81 (3.44-13.47) |
| Severe Hypoglycemia |  |
354 | 40 | 10.3 | 0.64, 196 | 0.12 | ⬆ | 6.44 | 1.47 (0.41-5.22) | |
| Severe thrombocytopenia |  |
354 | 40 | 24.7 | 1.02, 318 | 0.016 | * | ⬆ | 3.00 | 10.44 (1.72-63.2) |
| Adbominal pain |  |
354 | 40 | 1.77 | 0.70, 4.53 | 0.23 | ⬆ | 1.88 | 1.51 (0.83-2.74) | |
| Agitation |  |
354 | 40 | 3.49 | 0.51, 18.1 | 0.16 | ⬆ | 2.53 | 2.57 (0.89-7.43) | |
| Diarrhoea |  |
354 | 40 | 1.41 | 0.46, 4.89 | 0.56 | ⬆ | 2.44 | 1.02 (0.45-2.35) | |
| Hiccups |  |
354 | 40 | 3.06 | 0.69, 10.9 | 0.10 | ⬆ | 1.80 | 1.71 (0.52-5.62) | |
| Myalgia/Body pain |  |
354 | 40 | 1.76 | 0.73, 4.47 | 0.22 | ⬆ | 2.04 | 1.43 (0.76-2.67) | |
| Nausea/vomiting anytime |  |
354 | 40 | 0.94 | 0.32, 3.08 | 0.92 | ⬇ | 2.42 | 1.11 (0.43-2.85) | |
| Signs of dehydration anytime |  |
354 | 40 | 1.25 | 0.35, 4.02 | 0.71 | ⬆ | 1.96 | 0.92 (0.38-2.25) | |
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA | ||||||||||
| 1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds. | ||||||||||
| 2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No). | ||||||||||
| 3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk. | ||||||||||
| Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: Bleeding | ||||||||||
| Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | N | Event N | OR | 95% CI | p-value | Significance1 | Direction | Unadjusted RR2 | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signs of dehydration anytime |  |
354 | 36 | 3.06 | 1.27, 6.97 | 0.009 | ** | ⬆ | 3.02 | 2.54 (1.27-5.07) |
| CT at admission |  |
354 | 36 | 0.95 | 0.89, 1.01 | 0.088 | . | ⬇ | 0.95 (0.89-1.02) | |
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA | ||||||||||
| 1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds. | ||||||||||
| 2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No). | ||||||||||
| 3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk. | ||||||||||
